Tocolytics (also called anti-contraction medications or labor suppressants) are medications used to suppress premature labor (from the Greek tokos, childbirth, and lytic, capable of dissolving). They are given when delivery would result in premature birth. The therapy also buys time for the administration of betamethasone, a glucocorticoid drug which greatly accelerates fetal lung maturity, but takes one to two days to work.
The suppression of contractions is often only partial and tocolytics can only be relied on to delay birth for several days. Depending on the tocolytic used the mother or fetus may require monitoring, as for instance blood pressure monitoring when nifedipine is used as it reduces blood pressure. In any case the risk of preterm labor alone justifies hospitalization.
Video Tocolytic
Types of agents
There is no clear first-line tocolytic agent.
Various types of agents are used, with varying success rates and side effects. Some medications are not specifically approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in stopping uterine contractions in preterm labor, instead being used off-label.
Calcium-channel blockers and an oxytocin antagonist can delay delivery by 2-7 days. Otherwise, tocolysis is rarely successful beyond 24-48 hours because current medication do not alter the fundamentals of labor activation. However, just gaining 48 hours is sufficient to allow the pregnant women to be transferred to a center specialized for management of preterm deliveries and give administered corticosteroids the possibility to reduce neonatal organ immaturity.
The efficacy of beta-agonists, atosiban and indomethacin is a decreased odds ratio (OR) of delivery within 24 hours of 0.54 (95 percent confidence interval (CI): 0.32-0.91) and 0.47 within 48 hours (OR 0.47, 95 percent CI 0.30-0.75).
Antibiotics may delay the onset of labor in women with premature rupture of membranes, but this is not usually characterized as tocolysis.
Maps Tocolytic
Contraindications to tocolytics
In addition to drug-specific contraindications, several general factors may contraindicate delaying birth with the use of tocolytic medications.
- Fetus is older than 34 weeks gestation
- Fetus weighs less than 2500 grams or has intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or placental insufficiency
- Lethal congenital or chromosomal abnormalities
- Cervical dilation is greater than 4 centimeters
- Chorioamnionitis or intrauterine infection is present
- Mother has severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, eclampsia/preeclampsia, active vaginal bleeding, placental abruption, a cardiac disease, or another condition which indicates that the pregnancy should not continue.
- Other cause of fetal distress or fetal death
See also
- Labor induction
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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