Caddisfly

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The caddisflies , or the Trichoptera command, are a group of insects with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults. There are about 14,500 species described, most of which can be divided into suborders Integripalpia and Annulipalpia on the basis of the mouth of an adult. Integripalpian larvae build portable casing to protect themselves as they move in search of food, while Annulipalpian larvae make themselves as permanent retreats where they remain, waiting for food to come to them. The closeness of the third suborder of small Spicipalpia is unclear, and molecular analysis suggests it may not be monophyletic. Also called flies or flies , adults are small insects like moths with two pairs of feathered membrane wings. They are closely related to Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) that have scales on their wings; two commands together form the superorder Amphiesmenoptera.

Aquatic larvae are found in a variety of habitats such as rivers, rivers, lakes, ponds, spring springs and temporary waters (vernal pools). Larvae of many species use silk to create a protector, often reinforced with gravel, sand, twigs, pieces of bitten plants, or other debris. Larvae demonstrate various feeding strategies, with different species becoming predators, leaf shredders, algae shepherds, or particle collectors from water columns and benthos. Most adults have a short life where they do not feed.

In fishing, an artificial fly is bound to mimic an adult, while larvae and pupa are used as bait. Common and wide genera such as Helicopsyche and Hydropsyche are important in sports, where caddisflies are known as "sedges". Caddisflies are useful as bioindicators, as they are sensitive to water pollution and large enough to be assessed in the field. In art, the French artist Hubert Duprat has created works by providing caddis larvae with tiny grains of gold and precious stones for them to build into decorative cases.

Video Caddisfly

Etymology

The order name "Trichoptera" comes from the Greek: ???? ( thrix , "hair"), genitive trichos ????? ? ( pteron , "wings"), and refers to the fact that these insect wings are bristly. The origin of the word "caddis" is unclear, but derives from at least as far as Izaak Walton's 1653 book The Compleat Angler, where "cod-worm or caddis" is referred to as being used as a bait. The term cadyss was used in the fifteenth century for silk or cotton, and "cadice-men" were sellers of such materials, but the connection between these words and insects had not yet been established.

Maps Caddisfly

Evolution and filogeni

Fossil history

Fossil caddisflies have been found in rocks dating from the Triassic period. The greatest number of fossilized remains are from larval cases, which are made of durable material that preserves well. The body fossils of caddisflies are extremely rare, the oldest of the Early and Middle Trias, some 230 million years ago, and the wings are the source of other fossils. The evolution of groups into one with full aquatic larvae seems to have occurred some time during the Triassic. The discovery of fossils resembling cases of caddisfly larvae in marine sediments in Brazil can push back the origin of the order into the early Permian period.

Evolution

Almost all adult caddisflies are terrestrial, but their larvae and pupae are aquatic. They share these characteristics with several distant groups, namely dragonflies, dragonflies, stone flies, reed flies, and lacewings. The ancestors of all these terrestrial groups, with the open trachea system, convergently developed different types of gills for their aquatic larvae as they descended to water to avoid predation.

Approximately 14,500 discontented species in 45 families have been recognized worldwide, but still many more species are yet to be described. Most can be divided into suborders Integripalpia and Annulipalpia on the basis of an adult mouth. Adult characteristics depend on palps, wing venations and genitals of both sexes. The last two characters have undergone so extensive differentiation among the different superfamilies that the distinction between subordos is unclear. The Annulipalpians larvae are campodeiform (live free, well sclerotized, long-legged predator with dorso-ventral flattened body and prominent mouth). Integripalpians larvae are polypodes (poorly sclerotized detitivora, with abdominal prolegs other than thoracic legs, living permanently in a tight case). The closeness of the third suborder, Spicipalpia, is unclear; free-living larvae without a case, instead creating a netlike trap from silk.

Phylogeny

Cladograms of external relations, based on DNA and protein analysis of 2008, show sequences as clade, sister to Lepidoptera, and further related to Diptera (true fly) and Mecoptera (scorpionflies).

Cladogram relationships in orders are based on the 2002 molecular phylogeny using ribosomal RNA, elongation elongation factor genes, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase. Annulipalpia and Integripalpia are clades, but the relationship in Spicipalpia is unclear.

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Distribution

Caddisflies are found all over the world, with greater diversity being in warmer regions. They are associated with freshwater bodies, larvae found in lakes, ponds, rivers, rivers and other bodies of water. Tanah caddis, Enoicyla pusilla , lives in a damp bin on the forest floor. In England found in and around the county of Worcestershire in oakwoods.

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Ecology

Caddisfly larvae can be found in all feed unions in freshwater habitats. Most of the early-stage larvae and the final stages are collecting collectors, taking pieces of organic material from benthos. Other species are collector-filterers, filtering organic particles out of water using silk nets, or hairs on their feet. Some species are scrapers, feeding on algae films and other periphytons that grow in underwater objects in the sun. The others are the herbivorous shredders, chewing fragments from living plant material while others are detritivores shredder, gnawing decayed wood or chewing dead leaves that have been processed previously by bacteria and fungi; most of the nutrients from the second group come from the consumption of bacteria and fungi. Species of predators either actively hunt their prey, usually other insects, small crustaceans and worms, or lie in wait for the unwary invertebrates come too close. Some species feed opportunistically on dead animals or fish, and some Leptoceridae larvae feed on freshwater sponges.

Like flies, stone flies and dragonflies, but to a somewhat lower level, caddisflies are a good indicator of water quality; they die from the river with polluted water. They are an important part of the food web, both larvae and adults eaten by many fish. Newly hatched adults are particularly vulnerable as they struggle to the surface after emerging from submerged pupa, and as their wings dry up. These fish find new easy remnants for adults, and lure flies that resemble them can be a success for the angler at the right time each year.

The adult stage of a caddisfly can last only a few weeks; many species do not eat as adults and die soon after the breed, but some species are known to eat nectar. Active winged insects at night and provide food for night birds, bats, small mammals, amphibians, and arthropods. The larval stage lasts longer, often for a year or more, and has a greater impact on the environment. They form an important part of the fish diet such as trout. Fish get them in two ways, either plucking them out of vegetation or the flow of the bed as a moving larva, or during deviations of everyday behavior; this deviation occurs at night for many species of aquatic larvae, or about midday for some caddisfly cased species, and may result from population pressure or become a means of dispersal. Larvae may float in large numbers either near the bottom, in the middle of the water or just below the surface. The fish swallows them whole, suitcases and everything.

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Underwater architect

Cases

Caddisflies are best known for portable cases made by their larvae. About thirty dissatisfied families, members of Integripalpia suborder, adopted this strategy. These larvae feed on the detritus, mostly decomposed vegetable materials, and the dead leaf fragments they eat tend to accumulate in the hollows, in the slow moving parts of rivers and behind rocks and tree roots. Cases provide protection to larvae as they walk between these sources.

This case is a tubular structure made of silk, secreted from the salivary glands near the mouth of the larvae, and begins as soon as the egg hatches. Various reinforcements can be incorporated into its structure, the properties of the material and the design depend on the genetic makeup of the larvae; this means that caddisfly larvae can be recognized by their case down to the family, and even the genus level. Materials used include sand grains, rock fragments, bark, wooden stems, leaves, seeds and larger mollusk shells. It is neatly arranged and attached to the outer surface of the silk tube. As the larvae grow, more material is added up front, and the larvae can rotate inside the tube and trim the rear end so it does not drag along the substrate.

The case caddisfly opens at both ends, the larva pulls the oxygen water through the posterior end, above the gills, and pumps it out from the wider anterior end. The larvae move inside the tube and this helps keep the water current; the lower the oxygen content of water, the more active the larvae are required. This mechanism allows caddisfly larvae to live in too low waters of the oxygen content to support stonefly and dragonfly larvae.

Fixed cracks

Unlike the larvae that have portable cases, Annulipalpia members have completely different eating strategies. They make a permanent retreat where they remain silent, waiting for food to come to them. Family members Psychomyiidae, Ecnomidae and Xiphocentronidae construct sand tubes and other particles united by silk and anchored to the bottom, and feed on the accumulation of sludge formed when suspended material is deposited. The tubes can be extended when the growing larvae need to feed in new areas. More complex, short and flat tubes, built by Polycentropodidae larvae in basins in rocks or other submerged objects, sometimes with silk strands hanging on the nearest surface. These larvae are carnivores, resembling spiders in their eating habits and rushing out of their retreats to attack the unwary little prey that crawls on the surface.

Silk dome

The larvae of the Glossosomatidae family members in the suborder of Spicipalpia create a dome-shaped enclosure of silk that allows them to graze on periphyton, a biological film that grows on rocks and other objects, carrying their enclosures around like a turtle. In the family Philopotamidae, the net is like a pocket, with a complex structure and a small net. The larva has a special mouth to remove the microflora trapped in the net as water flows.

Nets

Other species larvae of caddisfly make a net rather than a case. It is a silk net that extends between water and stone vegetation. These net larvae usually live in flowing water, different species occupy different habitats with varying water speeds. There is a constant stream of invertebrates drifting downstream by currents, and these animals, and debris, accumulate in a net that works well as a food trap and as a retreat.

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Development and morphology

Caddisfly larvae are aquatic, with six pairs of gill trachea in the lower abdomen. Eggs are placed on water on twigs or vegetation that appears or on the surface of the water even though some species of females enter the water to choose a location. Although most species lay their eggs, some within the genus Triplectida are ovoviviparous. Some species lay eggs on land and although mostly associated with fresh water, some like Symphitoneuria are found in coastal salt water. Philanisus plebeius females put their eggs into the coelomic spaces of intertidal starfish. The long and rough larvae of the cylinder, very similar to lepidoptera but less prolegs. In species containing bearings, the head is highly sclerotinized while the stomach is soft; short antenna and mouth adjusted for biting. Each of the ten abdominal segments usually holds a pair of legs with a single tarsal joint. In species containing bearings, the first segment contains three papillae, one above and two on the sides, which anchor the larvae centrally within the tube. The posterior segment holds a pair of hooks to wrestle. There are five to seven instar larvae, followed by a water pupa that has a functional mandible (to cut through the case), gills, and swimming legs.

The cocoon pupa rotates from the silk, but like the case of larvae, often has other ingredients attached. When cocoons, the species that build portable cases attach them to some underwater objects, closing the front and back holes against the predator while still allowing the water to flow through, and the cocoon inside. After fully developing, most caddisfly pupae cut their cases with a pair of special mandibles, swim to the water surface, moult using the exuviae as a floating platform, and emerge as fully formed adults. They can often fly soon after breaking up of their cocoonic cuticles. The emergence is primarily univoltine (once per year) with all adults of a species appearing at the same time. The construction is one year in warm places, but takes a year at high latitudes and at high altitudes in lakes and mountain streams.

Adult Caddisfly is a medium-sized insect with webbed and feathered wings, held tentatively when the insects are resting. The antenna is long and yarn-like, the mouth is reduced in size and the foot has five tarsi (lower leg joint). Adults are active at night and are attracted to light. Some species are powerful leaflets and can spread to new areas, but many fly only weakly. Adults are usually short-lived, mostly non-feeders and only equipped to breed. Once mated, caddisfly females lay eggs in a gelatin mass, attaching them above or below the water surface depending on the species. Eggs hatch in a few weeks.

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Relationships with humans

In fishing

Caddisflies are called sedges by anglers. Individual species appear en masse at different times, and are used one after the other, often for just a few days each year, as models for artificial fish fishing for trout fishing. Bulk appearance is known as hatching. Each type has its own fishing name, so for example Mystacides is a dancer; Sericostoma scattering; Leptocerus the silver accompanist; Phryganea murragh or big red eyebrows; Brachycentrus subnubilis the grandmother; Lepidostoma silver meridian; Oecetis that climbs the longhorn; Cheumatopsyche , the younger sister, seduced; Helicopsyche Freckled Peter, an important catcher in North America; and speckled Hydropsyche, probably the most important caddisfly genus for anglers with over 50 species of net makers.

As bioindicator

Caddisflies are useful as bioindicators (good water quality), because they are sensitive to water pollution, and large enough to be assessed comfortably in the field. Some species exhibit undisturbed habitats, and some exhibit degraded habitats. Although caddisflies can be found in bodies of water of varying quality, species-rich expiry species are generally considered to exhibit clean water bodies, such as lakes, ponds, and swamps. Together with stone flies and dragonflies, the caddisflies feature is important in flow bioassessment surveys and other water bodies.

In art

While caddisflies in the wild are building their case from twigs, sand, aquatic plants, and rocks, French artist Hubert Duprat makes artwork by providing wild caddisflies with precious stones and other materials. He collects caddisfly larvae from the wild and places them in a climate-controlled tank. He removed the larva from his home box and added valuable and semi-precious items like gold grains to the tank. The larvae then build new cases of valuables, creating a unique form of artwork. The resulting works are sold all over the world.

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Taxonomy

There are approximately 14,500 species in approximately 45 families worldwide.

• Suborder Annulipalpia
  • Superfamily Hydropsychoidea
    • Family Dipseudopsidae
    • The Ecnomidae Family
    • Family Electralbertidae
    • The Hydropsychidae Family
    • Family Polycentropodidae
    • Family Psychomyiidae
    • The Xiphocentronidae Family
  • Superfamily of Philopotamoidea
    • Family Philopotamidae
    • The Stenopsychidae Family
• Suborder Integripalpia
  • Leptoceroidea Superfamily
    • Family Atriplectididae
    • The Calamoceratidae Family
    • The Molannidae Family
    • The Leptoceridae Family
    • The Limnocentropodidae Family
    • The Odontoceridae Family
    • The Philorheithridae Family
  • Superfamily Limnephiloidea
    • Family of Apataniidae
    • The Brachycentridae Family
    • Family Goeridae
    • The Limnephilidae Family
    • The Lepidostomatidae Family
    • The Oeconesidae Family
    • The Pisuliidae Family
    • The Rossianidae Family
    • The Taymyrelectronidae family
    • The Uenoidae Family
  • Superfamily Necrotaulioidea
    • The Necrotauliidae Family
  • Superfamily Phyrganeoidea
    • The Baissoferidae Family
    • The Dysoneuridae Family
    • The Kalophryganeidae Family
    • The Phyrganeidae Family
    • The Phyrganopsychidae Family
    • The Plectrotarsidae Family
  • Superfamily Sericostomatoidea
    • Anomalopsychidae Family
    • Family Antipodoeciidae
    • The Barbarochthonidae Family
    • Beraeidae Family
    • Calocidae Family
    • The Chathamiidae Family
    • The Conoesucidae Family
    • Family Helicophidae
    • Family Helicopsychidae
    • The Hydrosalpingidae Family
    • The Kokiriidae Family
    • The Petrothrincidae Family
    • Family Sericostomatidae
  • Superfamily of Tasimioidea
    • The Tasimiidae Family
  • Vitimotaulioidea Superfamily
    • Family of Vitimotauliidae
    • The Cladochoristidae Family
    • The Microptysmatidae Family
    • The Prosepididontidae family
    • Family Protomeropidae
    • The Uraloptysmatidae Family
• Suborder Spicipalpia
  • Superfamily Hidroptiloidea
    • The Glossosomatidae Family
    • The Hydroptilidae Family
    • Family of Ptilocolepidae
  • Superfamily Rhyacophiloidea
    • The Hydrobiosidae Family
    • Rhyacophilidae Family

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References

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Further reading

A useful reference to the British Trichoptera larvae is "Caddy Larvae" Norman E. Hickin (1967) Hutchinson & amp; Co. Ltd. London.

• Caddisfly, Troutster.com

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External links

• The Nature Explorers - Video of some very interesting caddisfly species in Arizona.
• Caddisflies and Fly Fishing - Photos, descriptions of life history of limited species.
• Adult caddisfly and caddisfly larva (casemaker) - photo and diagnostic information
• Kendall Bioresearch Services Trichoptera Page
• Tree page of Trichoptera life
• Trichoptera world checklist
• Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
• Artwork with caddis fly larvae and precious metals! "An unusual artistic collaboration between French artist Hubert Duprat and a group of caddis fly larvae."
• Caddisfly larvae, BioFresh Cabinet of Freshwater Curiosities.

Source of the article : Wikipedia