Clinical urine test are various urine tests for diagnostic purposes. The most common is urinalysis ( UA ), one of the most common medical diagnostic methods. The word is a portmanteau of the words urine and analysis . Other tests are urine culture (urine microbiology culture) and urinary electrolyte level .
The target parameters that can be measured or measured in the urinalysis include naked eye examination for color and olfaction plus analysis for many substances and cells, as well as other properties, such as specific gravity.
Part of the urinalysis can be done by using a urine test strip, where the test results can be read as a color change. Another method is the light microscopy of the urine sample.
Video Clinical urine tests
Parameter target
Urine test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performs the tests, or using the information provided by the test strip manufacturer/device.
In addition to the substances mentioned in the table below, other tests include color and display descriptions..
Color
The following is an example of the cause of the color change and not the complete list.
- Almost no color: Excessive fluid intake for the condition; untreated diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and certain types of nephritis.
- Yellow: Different yellow urine may indicate an excessive intake of riboflavin (vitamin B2).
- Amber-amber: Normal.
- Cloudy yellow: excessive crystals (kristaluria) and/or excess pussy (pyuria).
- Orange: Insufficient fluid intake for the condition; citrus intake; Phenazopyridine intake for urinary symptoms.
- Red: Leaking red blood cells or hemoglobin from these cells; intake of red substance.
- Dark:
- Reddish orange: Drug intake or other substance.
- Rusty-yellow to reddish brown: Intake of certain medications or other substances.
- Dark chocolate: Drug intake or other substances; Damaged muscles (myoglobinuria due to Rhabdomyolysis) from extreme sports or other extensive damage, may be associated with treatment; altered blood; bilirubinuria; intake of phenolic substances; inadequate porphyrin metabolism; melanin from a melanocytic tumor.
- Dark brown to black: Intake of substance or medicine; altered blood; problems with homogentisic acid metabolism (alkaptonuria), which can also cause darker white eyes and dark internal organs and tissues (ochronosis); Lysol poisoning (product containing phenol); melanin from a melanocytic tumor). Paraphenylenediamine is a highly toxic substance from hair dye formulations that can cause acute kidney injury and produce black urine.
- Purple because of Purple bladder syndrome.
- Magenta becomes purple-red: The presence of phenolphthalein, a stimulant laxative previously found in Ex-Lax.
- Green, or dark with greenish color: Jaundice (bilirubinuria); problems with bile metabolism. Recent surgery requires high doses of Propofol infusion. The use of drugs (Uribel) is similar to phenazopyridine to relieve urinary symptoms.
- Other colors: Various ingredients ingested in food or drink, especially up to 48 hours before the presence of colored urine.
Smell
The smell (smell) of urine can usually vary from odorless (when colored very bright and watered) to a stronger odor when the person is dehydrated and urine is concentrated. Short changes in odors are usually only interesting and not medically significant. (Example: an abnormal odor that can be detected many people after eating asparagus.) Diabetic urine is ketoacidosis (urine contains a high-level ketone body) may also have an abnormal odor.
Ions and trace metal
The sodium-related parameter is the fractional sodium excretion, which is the percentage of sodium filtered by the kidneys excreted in the urine. This is a useful parameter for acute renal failure and oliguria, with values ​​below 1% indicating prerenal disease and values ​​above 3% indicating acute tubular necrosis or other renal impairment.
Proteins and enzymes
Blood cell
Other molecules
Other urine parameters
Drugs
Urine can be tested to determine if a person has been involved in drug use. In this case, the urinalysis will be designed to detect any markers indicating drug use.
Maps Clinical urine tests
History
Helen Murray Free and her husband, Alfred Free, pioneered the dry reagent urinalysis, which resulted in Clinistix development in 1956 (also known as Clinistrip), the first dip-and-read test for glucose in urine for diabetic patients. This breakthrough causes additional dip-and-read tests for proteins and other substances. The discovery was named National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society in May 2010.
Method
When doctors recommend/prescribe urinalysis, they will require routine or routine urinalysis and microscopy (R & M) urinalysis, with differences as routine urinalysis excluding microscopy or culture.
Urine test strip
Urine test strips can be calculated:
- Leukocytes - in the presence of a urine known as leukocyturia
- Nitrite - in the presence of urine known as nitrituria
- Proteins - in the presence of urine known as proteinuria, albuminuria, or microalbuminuria
- Blood - in the presence of urine known as hematuria
- specific gravity
Microscopic examination
The number and type of cells and/or materials such as urine cast can produce very large detail information and may suggest a specific diagnosis.
- Haematuria - associated with kidney stones, infections, tumors and other conditions
- Pyuria - linked to a urinary tract infection
- Eosinophiluria - associated with allergic interstitial nephritis, atheroembolic disease
- Red blood cells - associated with glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, or malignant hypertension
- White blood cells - associated with acute interstitial nephritis, exudative glomerulonephritis, or severe pyelonephritis
- (Heme) granular cast - associated with acute tubular necrosis
- Crystalluria - associated with acute urate nephropathy (or acute urate nephropathy, AUAN)
- Calcium oxalate - linked to ethylene glycol
- Candle casts - related to chronic kidney disease
Other methods
- Urine cultures - microbiological cultures from urine samples, detect bacteriuria, are indicated when a urinary tract infection is suspected.
- Ictotest - This test is used to detect the destruction of long red blood cells in the urine.
- Hemoglobin test - this test for hemolysis in the blood vessels, ruptures in the glomerular capillaries, or bleeding in the urinary system, causing hemoglobin to appear in the urine.
See also
- Blood test
- Uroscopy, the ancient form of this analysis
- Medical technologist
- Urine cast
- Proteinuria
- Urine strip test
- The urine collection tool
- Pregnancy test, measuring hCG levels in urine
- Lead blood
References
External links
- Online Lab Test: Urinalysis
- Instructions for Using with Reader and Without Color Comparison Based
- Conoximent de las Orines, an early book on analyzing urine for medical purposes. Estimated date 1466.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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