Docusate , also known as docusate salts or dioctyl sulfosuccinate , is a laxative of the type of stool softeners used to treat constipation. This is considered a good choice in children who have hard stools. For constipation that occurs as a side effect of opiate use, it can be used alone or with stimulant laxatives. These can be taken as capsules by mouth or as rectal suppositories. Usually work in one to three days.
Side effects are rare. Rarely, there may be abdominal cramps or diarrhea. Benefits decrease with long-term use, and can cause poor bowel function. Docusate is acceptable during pregnancy and lactation. It works by allowing more water to be absorbed by the impurities. It usually comes in the form of sodium, calcium, or potassium salts.
It's in the List of Essential Medicines of the World Health Organization, the most effective and safe drugs needed in the health system. It is available as a generic drug and not too expensive. In the United States, a hundred doses are about 14 USD. Sodium salt, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, also used as food additives, emulsifiers, dispersants, and wetting agents, among other uses.
Video Docusate
Medical use
Constipation
Docusate is used to treat constipation, and in painful anorectal conditions such as hemorrhoids and anal fissures, to help avoid the pain caused by straining during bowel movements.
Given orally, the effect is usually seen 1 to 3 days after the first dose. Given rectal, as an enema or suppository, bowel movement usually occurs within 5 to 20 minutes.
This drug can be used in people who receive opioid drugs, although long-term use can cause irritation of the digestive tract. Data that support its efficacy in treating chronic constipation is lacking.
The effectiveness of laxatives for constipation in those receiving palliative care is unclear, as it has not been adequately studied. The comparative effectiveness of various laxatives in this group is also unclear by 2015.
More
Docusate sodium, when used with ear syringing, can help remove ear wax, especially in cases of impaction.
Available form
Docusate sodium may be administered by mouth or rectal. It is also used as emulsifier and dispersant in topical preparations. When taken drinking is usually recommended with plenty of water.
Maps Docusate
Contraindications
Docusate is contraindicated in patients with appendicitis, acute abdomen, or ileus. This is not suitable for the treatment of chronic constipation, because the way it works is as a reliever, not a cure for a specific underlying cause.
Side effects
Possible side effects are usually mild and include abdominal pain, diarrhea, or cramps. Serious allergic reactions can occur with medications. The most severe side effects of docusate, though very rare, are rectal bleeding.
Interactions
Docusate should not be used in addition to mineral oil, since the emulsifiers will produce mineral oil absorbed rather than functioning as a lubricant for the intestinal wall, which may result in foreign body granulomas â € "added. Substances may also increase resorption of other drugs, for example, dantron (1,8-dihydroxyantrakuinone).
Other uses
Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate is used as a surfactant in various applications, often with the name Aerosol-OT. This is unusual because it is capable of forming microemulsions without the use of co-surfactants, and it has a rich range of aqueous-phase behavior including some liquid crystal phases.
- Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate is an adjuvant of pesticides, used popularly for olive, almond, grape, corn, and orange.
- It is used as an excipient in tablet production (as a lubricant) and suspension (as an emulsifier).
- This is the most widely used surfactant in the reversed micelle encapsulation study.
Chemistry
The solubility of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in water is 1:70 (14 g/l) at 25 ° C, increasing to 1:20 at 70 ° C. Better solubility in polar solvents is less: 1:30 in ethanol, 1: 1 in chloroform and diethylether, and practically infinite in petroleum ether (25 ° C). It is also highly soluble in glycerol, although this is a rather polar solvent.
The ester group is easily cleaved under basic conditions, but is stable against acids.
The focused salts include calcium docusate, sodium docusate, and docusate potassium.
Action mechanism
Docusate does not stay in the gastrointestinal tract, but is absorbed into the bloodstream and expelled through the gallbladder after undergoing extensive metabolism.
The effect of the docusate is not necessarily all due to the nature of the surfactant. Perfusion studies show that docusate inhibits the absorption of fluids or stimulates secretions in parts of the small intestine known as jejunum.
Toxicity
Toxicities for different species vary greatly, but dioctyl sulfosuccinate decomposes rapidly in soil and water, a distinctive invention & gt; 90% in 12 to 17 days. In the atmosphere, it is thought to be removed by photochemical reactions with an estimated half-life of 18 hours.
Man
Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate is a strong irritant to the eyes and lungs, as well as skin irritation. Ingestion may cause the side effects described above, such as diarrhea, intestinal bloating, and sometimes cramps. Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate is not known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic.
Sea species
Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate has been determined to be a low toxicity for crustaceans such as hermit crabs Clibanarius erythropus and Crangon crangon shrimp . The median lethal dose (LD 50 ) for this species was about 100 mg/l of the docusate-containing formulation after 48 hours of exposition, although the concentration of the formulation was not determined in the study.
Toxicities for molluscs vary greatly, with 48 hours of LD 50 found between 5 mg/l for general limpet and 100 mg/l for common periwinkle. Various species of phytoplankton have LD 50 about 8 mg/l. All these doses refer to a particular formulation (mentioned in the reference), not pure chemicals.
In a 2010 study, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate showed higher toxicity to bacteria ( Vibrio fischeri , Anabaena sp.) And algae ( Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata ) than a number of fluorinated surfactants (PFOS, PFOA, or PFBS). Measuring the inhibition of bacterial bioluminescence and inhibition of algal growth, ED 50 was in the range of 43-75 mg/l. The combination of fluorinated compounds with dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate exhibits a very synergistic effect in most settings, which means that the combination is significantly more toxic than individual substances. Freshwater species
This substance is highly toxic for rainbow trout with median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) 0.56 mg/l after 48 hours for pure substance. It is only slightly toxic to rainbow trout, and slightly toxic to rasboras harlequin (LC 50 27 mg/l of 60% formulation after 48 hours).
Society and culture
Brand Name
In the US, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate is available with several brand names: Aqualax, Calube, Colace, Colace Micro-Enema, Soft Soft Extra Soft, DC-240, Dialoco, Diocto, Dioctosoftez, Dioctyn, Dionex, Doc-Q-Lace, Docu Soft, Docucal, Doculax, Docusoft S, DOC, DOS, Doss-Relief, DSS, Dulcolax - Dirt softeners (not to be confused with other drugs marketed under the Dulcolax brand, bisacodyl, which is a stimulant laxative), Ex-Lax Stool Softener , Softener, Regulax SS, Calcium Sulfalax, Sur-Q-Lax, Soft Surfers and Therevac- Softener, Softener, Regulax SS, Sulfalax Calcium, Sur-Q-Lax, Soft Foam, SB. General preparation is also available.
In the UK, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate is sold under the trademark Docusol (Typharm Ltd) and DulcoEase (Boehringer Ingelheim).
In Australia, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate is sold as Coloxyl and Coloxyl with senna.
In India, preparations include Laxatin by Alembic, Doslax by Raptakos Laboratories, Cellubril by AstraZeneca, and Laxicon.
References
External links
- Stool softener in N.I.H. PubMed Health Resources.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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