The nature of extraversion-introversion is a major dimension of the theory of human personality. The terms introversi and extraversion were popularized by Carl Jung, although popular understandings and psychological usage differed from his original intent. Extraversion tends to be manifested in open, talkative, and energetic behaviors, whereas introversion is manifested in more isolated and isolated behaviors. Almost all comprehensive personality models incorporate these concepts in various forms. Examples include Big Five model, Jung analytical psychology, Hans Eysenck three-factor model, 16 personality factors Raymond Cattell, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
Extraversion and introversion are usually seen as one entity, so being tall in one another requires a low one. Carl Jung and the developers of Myers-Briggs Type Indicators provide different perspectives and suggest that everyone has an extravertal side and an introvert side, with one being more dominant than the other. Rather than focusing on interpersonal behavior, however, Jung defines introversion as "the type-attitude characterized by an orientation in life through subjective psychic content" (focusing on one's inner activities) and extraversion as "the type of attitude characterized by the concentration of interest in external objects" (focus on the outside world).
Video Extraversion and introversion
Varietas
Ekstraversion
Extraversion (also spelled as extroversion ) is a condition for gaining outside satisfaction. Ekstravert tend to enjoy human interaction and become enthusiastic, talkative, firm, and gregarious. Extraverts are energized and thrive around other people. They enjoy activities that involve large social gatherings, such as parties, community events, public demonstrations, and business or political groups. They also tend to work well in groups. The oppressed person will likely enjoy the time spent with people and earn fewer rewards in the time spent alone. They tend to be energized when they are around other people, and they are more prone to boredom when they are alone.
Introversi
Introversy is a state that is predominantly interested in one's mental self. Introverts are usually considered more protected or reflective. Some popular psychologists have characterized introverts as people whose energies tend to thrive through reflection and shrink during interactions. This is similar to Jung's view, although he focuses on mental energy rather than physical energy. Some modern concepts make this distinction.
Introverts often enjoy solitary activities such as reading, writing, using computers, hiking, and fishing. Artists, writers, sculptors, scientists, engineers, composers, and inventors are all very introverted. An introvert tends to enjoy the time spent alone and get fewer rewards in the time spent with a large group of people, although they can enjoy interaction with close friends. Trust is usually a matter of significance: the most important priority for the introvert is to choose a worthy companion. They prefer to concentrate on one activity at a time and like to observe the situation before they participate, especially observed in developing children and adolescents. They are more analytical before talking. Introverts are easily overwhelmed by too much stimulation from social encounters and involvement, even introversion has been defined by some in terms of preference for a calmer and more stimulating external environment.
Thinking of introversion for shyness is a common mistake. Introversion is a preference, while shame comes from distress. Introverts prefer to be alone for social activities, but not necessarily afraid of social encounters like shy people do. Susan Cain argues that modern Western culture misjudges the ability of introverts, leading to a waste of talent, energy, and happiness. Cain describes how society is biased towards introverts, and that, with people taught from an early age that social behavior is happy, introversion is now considered "somewhere between disappointment and pathology". In contrast, Cain says that introversion is not a "second class" trait but that introverts and extraverts enrich the community, with examples including JK Rowling's introverts, Avicii, Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein, Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. Seuss, WB Yeats, Steven Spielberg and Larry Page.
Ambience
Although many people view introverted or excluded as mutually exclusive theories, most contemporary theories measure extraversy levels-introversion as part of one continuous dimension of personality, with multiple scores approaching one end, and the other near the half-way mark. Ambition falls more or less directly in the middle. An ambivert is quite comfortable with group and social interaction, but also enjoys time alone, away from the crowd.
Relative prevalence
Book Susan Cain 2012 Quiet: Introvert Strength in a Non-Stopping World Speaking reports that research shows 33-50% of the American population is introverted. Certain sub-populations have a higher prevalence, with an MBTI-based 6000-subject survey showing that 60% of lawyers, and 90% of intellectual property lawyers, are introverts.
Maps Extraversion and introversion
Measurement
Extraversion and introversion levels are most often assessed through self-report measurements, although peer-reports and third-party observations may also be used. Self-report actions either lexical or by statement . The type of measure is determined by the psychometric property assessment and the time and space constraints of the research undertaken.
Lexical measurements use individual adjectives that reflect extravert and introverted traits, such as outgoing, talkative, quiet and reserved. Words that represent introversy are inversely coded to create a combined measure of extraversion/introversy that runs on a continuum. Goldberg (1992) developed the 20-word measure as part of the 100-word mark of the Big Five. Saucier (1994) developed a brief 8-word measure as part of his 40-word mini-marker. However, the psychometric properties of Saucier's original mini-markers have been found to be less than optimal with samples outside of North America. As a result, a revised measure is systematically developed to have superior psychometric properties, International English Mini-Markers. International English Mini-Markers have good internal consistency reliability and other validity to assess extraversion/introversion and other five-factor personality dimensions, both within and, ultimately, without the American population. The internal consistency reliability of the Extraversion measurement for native English speakers is reported as.92, that for non-native English speakers is.85.
Statement size tends to consist of more words, and therefore consumes more research instrument space, than lexical measurements. Respondents were asked how far they were, for example, Talking to many different people at parties or often feeling uncomfortable around others . While some extraversion/statement-based introversion has similar acceptable psychometric properties in North American populations for lexical measurements, their emic development generally makes them less suitable for use in other populations. For example, statements that ask about talking in the party are hard to answer meaningfully to those who do not attend the party, as Americans assume. In addition, sometimes colloquial North American words make them less suitable for use outside the United States. For example, statements such as Staying in the background and Knowing how to captivate people are sometimes difficult for non-native English speakers to be understood except in the literal sense. Eysenck Theory
Hans Eysenck describes extraversion as the level at which a person exits and interacts with others. This behavioral difference is considered a result of fundamental differences in brain physiology. Eysenck combines cortical inhibition and excitation with an increased reticular activation system (ARAS), a pathway located in the brainstem. Extras seek pleasure and social activities in an effort to increase their level of passion, while introverts tend to avoid social situations in an effort to keep that passion to a minimum. Eysenck assigned extraversion as one of the three main characteristics in his personality model P-E-Nnya, which also includes psychotikism and neuroticism.
Eysenck initially suggested that extraversion is a combination of two main tendencies, impulsiveness and socialization. He then adds some other more specific properties, namely liveliness, activity level, and stimulation. These characteristics are further related in the hierarchy of his personality even to more specific habitual responses, such as partying over the weekend.
Eysenck compares this trait with the four ancient treatments of nature, with choleric temperament and sanguins equaling the extremities, and a melancholic and apathetic temperament similar to introversion.
Biological factors
The relative importance of nature versus the environment in determining the extent of controversial extraversion and the focus of much research. Twin studies have found a genetic component of 39% to 58%. In terms of environmental components, shared family environments seem far less important than individual environmental factors that are not shared between siblings.
Eysenck proposes that extraversion is caused by variability in cortical arousal. He hypothesizes that introverts are characterized by higher activity levels than extraverts and are chronically more aroused by cortical rather than extravert. That extraverts require more external stimuli than introverts have been interpreted as evidence for this hypothesis. Another evidence of the "stimulation" hypothesis is that introverts secrete more saliva than extravert in response to a drop of lemon juice. This is due to increased activity in their reticular activating system, which responds to stimuli such as food or social contact.
Extraversion has been associated with a higher sensitivity of the mesolimbic dopamine system to useful stimuli. This partly explains the high level of positive influence found in extravert, as they will more intensely feel the joy of potential rewards. One consequence of this is that extraverts can more easily learn contingencies for positive reinforcement, because the rewards themselves are felt greater.
One study found that introverts have more blood flow in the frontal lobes of their brains and the anterior or frontal thalamus, which is an area that deals with internal processing, such as planning and problem solving. Ekstravert has more blood flow in the anterior cingulate gyrus, the temporal lobe, and the posterior thalamus, which is involved in sensory and emotional experiences. This and other studies show that introversions are related to individual differences in brain function. A study on regional brain volume found a positive correlation between introversion and gray matter volume in right prefrontal cortex and right temporoparietal intersections, as well as a positive correlation between introversion and total white matter volume.
Extraversion has also been linked to physiological factors such as respiration, through its association with surgery.
Behavior
Ekstravert and introvert have different behavioral differences. According to one study, extravertes tend to wear more decorative clothing, while introverts prefer practical and comfortable clothing. Ekstravert is more likely to enjoy more cheerful, conventional, and energetic music than introverts. Personality also affects the way people organize their work areas. In general, extraverts decorate their offices more, open their doors, store extra chairs nearby, and are more likely to put candy plates on their tables. This is an attempt to invite co-workers and encourage interaction. Introverts, on the other hand, decorate less and tend to organize their workspace to prevent social interaction.
Apart from these differences, a meta-analysis of 15 experience-sampling studies has shown that there is a lot of overlap in the extravert and introverted behavioral ways. In this study, participants used mobile devices to report how extraversions (eg, bold, fussy, firm, out) they acted several times during their daily lives. Fleeson and Gallagher (2009) find that extraverts regularly behave in an introverted way, and introverts regularly behave in an extravert manner. Indeed, there is more in-person variability than the variability between people in extravertal behavior. The main feature that distinguishes extraverts and introverts is that extraverts tend to act fairly extraverted about 5-10% more often than introverts. From this perspective, extravert and introvert are not "basically different". Conversely, an "extravert" is someone who acts extra extra more often, indicating that extraversion is more about what is "done" than what is "owned".
In addition, a study by Lippa (1978) found evidence of the extent to which individuals present themselves in different ways. This is called expressive behavior, and it depends on the individual's motivation and ability to control that behavior. Lippa (1978) studied 68 students who were asked to play roles by pretending to teach math classes. Extraversion levels and student introspersion are assessed based on their external/expressive behavior such as step length, broad graph, percentage of time they spend talking, the amount of time they spend on eye contact, and the total time of each teaching. trial. The study finds that introverts are actually perceived and valued as having extra-looking expressive behavior because they are higher in terms of self-monitoring. This means that introverts consciously put more effort into displaying a more extra, and more socially desirable, version of themselves. Thus, individuals can organize and modify behaviors based on their environmental situation.
Humans are complex and unique, and because the extroversions vary along a continuum, the individual may have a mixture of both orientations. A person who acts introvert in one situation can take extra action elsewhere, and one can learn to act in a "face-to-face" way in certain situations. For example, Brian Little's free nature theory suggests that people can take "Free Traits", behave in ways that may not be their "first nature" but can strategically advance projects that are important to them. Together, this presents an optimistic view of what extraversion is. Rather than fixed and stable, individuals vary in their extraverted behavior at different times, and may choose to act extravert to advance important personal projects or even increase their happiness, as mentioned above.
Implications
Recognizing that introversion and extraversion are normal behavioral variants can help in self-acceptance and understanding of others. For example, an extravert can accept the needs of an introverted spouse for space, while an introvert can recognize the needs of his spouse for social interaction.
Researchers have found a correlation between extraversion and self-reported happiness. That is, more burdened people tend to report a higher level of happiness than introverts. Other studies have shown that being instructed to act in excess leads to an increase in positive influence, even for those who are trait introverts.
This does not mean that introverts are unhappy. Extraverts only report experiencing more positive emotions, while introverts tend to be closer to neutral. This may be because extraversion is socially preferred in contemporary Western culture and thus introverts feel less desirable. In addition to research on happiness, other studies have found that extravertes tend to report a higher level of self-esteem than introverts. Others claim that the results reflect the socio-cultural bias in the survey itself. Dr. David Meyers claims that happiness is a matter of having three traits: self-esteem, optimism, and extraversion. Meyers based his conclusions on studies that reported extravert to be happier; these findings have been questioned in light of the fact that the "happiness" requested is given to the subject of research, such as "I like to be with others" and "I am happy to be with," only measure happiness among extraverts. Also, according to Carl Jung, introverts recognize better prepared psychological needs and their problems, while extraverts tend to be unaware of them as they focus more on the outside world.
Although extraversion is considered as socially desirable in Western culture, it is not always beneficial. For example, extraverted youth are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior or misbehavior. Correspondingly, the evidence appears to suggest that the nature of extraversion may also be related to psychopathy. Conversely, while introversion is considered less socially desirable, it is strongly associated with positive traits such as intelligence and "talent". Over the years, researchers have found that introverts tend to be more successful in academic environments, which extravert may be boring.
Research shows that the behavioral immune system, a psychological process that concludes the risk of infection from perceptual signs and responds to these perceptual cues through unpleasant emotional activation, can affect joy. Although extraversion is associated with many positive outcomes such as higher levels of happiness, extravert people also tend to be infected with interpersonal transmitted diseases as they tend to contact more people. When individuals are more susceptible to infection, the cost of becoming social will be relatively greater. Therefore, people are less extraversive when they feel vulnerable and vice versa.
Although there is no pathological introversion or extraversion, psychotherapists can take account of temperament when dealing with clients. Clients can respond better to different types of treatments depending on where they fall on the extroversion-extension spectrum. Teachers can also consider temperaments when dealing with their students, for example recognizing that introverted children need more encouragement to speak in class while oppressed children can become restless during long study periods.
Region variation
Some claim that Americans live in an "inverted society" that values ​​extravert behavior and rejects introversion. This is because the US today is an external personality culture, whereas in some other cultures people are rewarded for their "inner self and morals". Other cultures, such as Japan and the areas where Christian Orthodoxy, Buddhism, Sufism etc. prevail, gift introversion. This cultural difference predicts individual happiness in that people who score higher in extraversion are happier, on average, in extraversive cultures and vice versa.
Researchers have found that people living on the islands tend to be less introverted than those living on land, and that people whose ancestors have inhabited the island for twenty generations tend to be less extreme than more arrivals new. In addition, people who emigrated from the island to the mainland tend to be more extra than those living on the islands, and those who immigrated to the islands.
In the United States, researchers have found that people living in the Midwestern states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois scored higher than the US average on extraversion. Utah and the southeastern states of Florida and Georgia also scored high on this personality trait. The most closed states in the United States are Maryland, New Hampshire, Alaska, Washington, Oregon and Vermont. People living in the northwestern states of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming are also relatively introverted.
Extraversion, introversion, and happiness
As stated earlier, extraverts are often found to have a higher level of happiness and positive influence than introverts. An influential review article concludes that personality, in particular extraversion and emotional stability, is the best predictor of subjective wellbeing. For example, Argyle and Lu (1990) found that the extraversion properties, as measured by the Extraversion Scale of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), were positively and significantly correlated with happiness, as measured by Oxford Inventory of Happiness. Using the same scale of happiness and extraversion, Hills and Argyle (2001) found that happiness is again significantly correlated with extraversion. Also, studies by Emmons and Diener (1986) suggest that extraversion is positively correlated and significant with positive influence but not with a negative influence. Similar results were found in large longitudinal studies by Diener, Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992), who rated 14,407 participants from 100 continents of the United States. Using the abbreviated General Brief Schedule, which taps positive and negative influences, and the NEO's version of Shortversion from Costa and McCrae (1986), the authors report that extraverts experience greater well-being at two points of time, where data were collected: first between 1971 and 1975, and then between 1981 and 1984. Furthermore, Larsen and Ketelaar (1991) showed that extravertic reactions were more positive than negative influences, as they showed more positive reactivity to positive effects. induction, but they do not react more negatively to negative-effect induction.
The instrumental look
The instrumental view suggests that personality traits create conditions and actions, which have affective consequences, and thus result in individual differences in emotionality.
Personality traits as the cause of higher sosiability
According to the instrumental view, one explanation for greater subjective wellbeing among extraverts can be an extraversion that helps in the creation of life situations, which promote a high degree of positive influence. In particular, the extraversion personality traits are seen as facilitators of more social interactions, because the low cortical passion among extraverts causes them to seek more social situations to increase their passion.
Hypothetical social activity
According to the hypothesis of social activity, the more frequent participation in social situations creates a more positive, and higher, level of positive influence. Therefore, it is believed that because extraverts are characterized as more sociable than introverts, they also have a higher level of positive influence caused by social interaction. In particular, the results of Furnham and Brewin (1990) research indicate that extraverts enjoy and participate more in social activities than introverts, and as a result extraverts report higher levels of happiness. Also, in the Argyle and Lu (1990) studies, extraverts were found to be less likely to avoid participation in noisy social activities, and to be more likely to participate in social activities such as party games, jokes, or going to the movies. Similar results were reported by Diener, Larsen, and Emmons (1984) who found that extraverts seek social situations more often than introverts, especially when engaged in recreational activities.
However, the findings contradict the claims of social activity hypotheses. First, it is found that extraverts are happier than introverts even when alone. In particular, extraverts tend to be happier regardless of whether they live alone or with others, or whether they live in a crowded city or a quiet rural environment. Similarly, a study by Diener, Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992) suggests that although extraverts chose social work relatively more frequently (51%) than non-social work compared with introverts (38%), they were happier than introverts regardless from whether their work has a social or nonsocial character. Second, it is found that extraverts only occasionally report a greater amount of social activity than introverts, but in general extravert and introvert do not differ in the amount of their socialization. Similar findings were reported by Srivastava, Angelo, and Vallereux (2008), who found that extraverts and introverts alike enjoyed participating in social interaction, but extraverts participated more socially. Third, research shows that both extravert and introvert participate in social relationships, but the quality of participation is different. The more frequent social participation among extravers can be explained by the fact that extraverts know more people, but these people are not always their close friends, while introverts, when participating in social interactions, are more selective and have fewer close friends with who they have a special relationship.
Social attention theory
Yet another explanation of the high correlation between extraversion and happiness comes from studies by Ashton, Lee, and Paunonen (2002). They suggest that the core element of extraversion is the tendency to behave in ways that attract, retain, and enjoy social attention, and do not value sensitivity. They claim that one of the fundamental qualities of social concern is its potential to be useful. Therefore, if a person exhibits positive emotions of enthusiasm, energy, and joy, the person is looked upon well by others and he gets the attention of others. This favorable reaction from others may encourage extravert to engage in extravertous behavior. Ashton, Lee, and Paunonen (2002) studies show that their size of social concern, Social Attention Scale, is much more correlated with extraversion than the size of reward sensitivity.
Template view
The temperamental view is based on the idea that there is a direct correlation between personality traits and their sensitivity to positive and negative influences.
Affective reactivity model
The affective reactivity model states that the strength of one's reaction to influence the relevant event is caused by the difference of people in influence. This model is based on the theory of reinforcement sensitivity by Jeffrey Alan Gray, which states that people with strong behavioral activation systems (BAS) are high in responsive responses and tend to the extraversion personality traits, while those with stronger behavioral inhibition systems ( BIS) is lower in the reward response and more likely to characterize the personality of neuroticism and introversion. Therefore, extraverts are seen to have a temperamental tendency toward positive influences because positive mood induction has a greater effect on them than on introverts, so extraverts are more susceptible to reacting to pleasant effects. For example, Gable, Reis, and Elliot (2000). were found in two consecutive studies that people with more sensitive BIS reported higher rates of negative mean effects, while people with more sensitive BAS reported higher levels of positive influence. Also Zelenski and Larsen (1999) found that people with more sensitive BAS reported more positive emotions during positive mood induction, while people with more sensitive BIS reported more negative emotions during negative mood induction.
Social reactivity theory
The theory of social reactivity states that all humans, like or dislike, are asked to participate in social situations. Because extraverts prefer to engage in social interaction rather than introverts, they also gain more positive influence from such situations than introverts do. Support for this theory comes from the work of Brian R. Little, who popularized the concept of "recessive niche". Few claim that life often requires people to participate in social situations, and since social acting is beyond character for introverts, it proves to be detrimental to their well-being. Therefore, one way to preserve introverted welfare is so that they can recharge as often as possible in places where they can return to their own identity - small "recuperation" places.
However, it was also found that extravert does not respond strongly to social situations rather than introverts, nor does it report a greater increase of positive influence during the interaction.
Affective regulation
Another possible explanation for more happiness among extraverts comes from the fact that extraverts are able to better manage their affective states. This means that in an ambiguous situation (situations where positive and negative atmosphere are introduced and mixed in equal proportions), extraverts show a slower decline of positive influence, and, as a result, they maintain a more positive balance than introverts. Ekstravert can also choose activities that facilitate happiness (for example, remembering pleasant and unpleasant memories) more than introverts when anticipating difficult tasks.
Set-point model a.k.a effect-level model
According to the set-point model, the level of positive and negative influence is more or less fixed in each individual, then, after positive or negative events, people's moods tend to return to a predetermined level. According to the set-point model, extraverts experience more happiness because the predetermined positive level of influence is set higher than the predetermined point of positive influence on introverts, therefore extraverts require less positive reinforcement to be happy.
Happy fun relations
A study by Peter Kuppens (2008) suggests that extraverts and introverts engage in different behaviors when comfortable, which may explain underestimating the frequency and intensity of happiness demonstrated by introverts. Specifically, Kuppens (2008) finds that passion and excitement are positively correlated to extravert, which means that pleasant feeling is more likely to be accompanied by high passion for extraverts. On the other hand, passion and excitement are negatively correlated to introverts, so introverts show low arousal when comfortable. In other words, if all goes well in extravertous life, which is the source of pleasant feeling, extravers see such a situation as an opportunity to engage in active behavior and pursue goals, leading to an active, arousing and enjoyable state. When everything goes well for introverts, they see it as an opportunity to lower their vigilance, so they feel relaxed and satisfied.
Complications for extraversion-happiness correlation
Although extraversion has consistently been shown to have a strong correlation with happiness and well-being, this finding is compounded by the presence of other personality traits that act as an indicator of strong happiness.
Neuroticism and extraversion
In some studies, neuroticism has been shown to have the same, if not greater, effect on happiness and subjective wellbeing than extraversion. One study classifies schoolchildren into four categories based on their scores in extraversion assessment and emotional stability (neuroticism). The results showed no significant difference between the happiness levels of stable introverts and stable extravert, while unstable extraverts and introverts both showed significantly less happiness than their counterparts. In this study, neuroticism appears to be a more prominent factor for overall wellbeing.
Likewise, in subsequent research, researchers used a scoring scale to test categories such as self-esteem and goal-oriented orientation, which positively correlated with happiness. The participant's response to this scale shows that neuroticism actually has a greater impact than the extraversion in the measure of well-being.
Other big 5 factors and extraversion
Although extraversion and neuroticism seem to have the greatest effect on personal happiness, other Big 5 personality factors have also been shown to correlate with subjective happiness and wellbeing. For example, one study showed that sincerity and conformity correlated about 0.20 with subjective wellbeing. While the effects of these traits are not as strong as extraversion or neuroticism, it is clear that they still have some impact on the outcome of happiness.
Similarly, the interaction between extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness has shown significant impact on subjective wellbeing. In one study, researchers used three scales to assess subjective wellbeing. They found that extraversion serves only as a predictor for one assessment, along with neuroticism, while the other two assessments are better predicted by consciousness and neuroticism. In addition to the importance of incorporating other factors in the assessment of happiness, the study also shows the way in which the operational definition of well-being changes whether extreversion emerges as a prominent predictive factor.
Other contributing personal factors
There is also evidence that other non-trait personality elements may be correlated with happiness. For example, one study shows that the features of one's goals, such as progress toward a goal or conflict of importance between them, can affect emotional and cognitive well-being. Some other researchers also claim that, at least in a more individualistic culture, having a coherent sense of one's personality (and acting in a way compatible with self-concept) is positively related to well-being. Thus, focusing only on extraversion - or even extraversion and neuroticism - will likely provide an incomplete picture of the relationship between happiness and personality.
Culture
In addition, one's culture can also affect the overall happiness and subjective well-being. The overall level of happiness fluctuates from culture to culture, as does the preferred expression of happiness. Comparing international cross-country surveys reveals that different countries, and different ethnic groups in countries, show differences in average life satisfaction.
For example, a researcher found that between 1958 and 1987, Japanese life satisfaction fluctuated around 6 on a 10-point scale, while Denmark fluctuated around 8. Comparing ethnic groups in the United States, another study found that European Americans reported "significantly happier. " "with their lives than Asian Americans.
Researchers have hypothesized a number of factors that can be responsible for differences between countries, including national differences in overall income levels, self-serving and self-enhancement bias, and avoidance approach and orientation. Taken together, these findings suggest that while extraversy does have a strong correlation with happiness, it does not stand alone as a single predictor of subjective wellbeing, and that other factors must be taken into account when trying to determine the correlation of happiness.
See also
- Analytical psychology
- Alternative five personality models
- Personality
- Strengthening sensitivity theory
- Seattle Freeze
- Theoretical properties
References
External links
- The secrets of Susan Cain's super successful article from CNN Living
- TED talk - Susan Cain: The introverted power spoken by Susan Cain, author Quiet: Introvert Strength in a Non-Stopping World (January 2012), talks about why we should celebrate and encourage introversion
- Revenge of Introvert article Laurie Helgoe on the introversy published at Psychology Today (2010)
- General description of Jung's original article (1921)
- Extraversion Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & amp; Adolescence . Gale Research, 1998.
- Introversy Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & amp; Adolescence . Gale Research, 1998. article
- USA Today about CEO introvert/extraverts
- "Taking Care of Your Introverts" Article at The Atlantic , March 2003 article
- Scientific American about Introversion
- Scientific American blogs: What kind of introvert are you?
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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