Human development is the science that seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same from time to time. It involves the study of the human condition with its core being the capability approach. This inequality adjusts the Human Development Index to be used as a way of measuring actual progress in human development by the UN. This is an alternative approach to a single focus on economic growth, and more focus on social justice, as a way to understand progress.
The term human development can be defined as the extension of human capacity, choice widening, 'increased freedom, and the fulfillment of human rights. It also means developing mentally, socially through growth and experiencing things in your life and learning new things.
The United Nations Development Program defines human development as "the process of enlarging people's choices," saying choices that enable them to "live a long, healthy life, to be educated, to enjoy a decent standard of living," as well as "political freedom, human rights others are guaranteed and a variety of self-respect materials. "
Development awareness expands people's choice, to lead the life they cherish, and improve the human condition so that people have the opportunity to live a full life. Thus, human development is far more than economic growth, which is simply a means of enlarging people's choices. Fundamental to enlarging this option is to build human capacity - things people can do or do in life. Ability is "substantive freedom [someone] happy to lead the kind of life [they have] reason to appreciate". Human development breaks down the concentration of the distribution of goods and services needed by people who can not afford and concentrate their ideas on human decisions. By investing in people, we enable growth and empower people to pursue many different life paths, thereby developing human capabilities. The most basic capability for human development is to live a long and healthy life, knowledgeable (ie, educated), have access to the resources and social services needed for a decent standard of living, and can participate in community life. Without this, many options are not available, and many opportunities in life remain inaccessible.
The abstract illustration of human ability is a bicycle. The bike itself is a resource - a mode of transportation. If the person who owns the bike can not drive it (due to lack of balance or knowledge), the bike is useless to him as a transport and lose his function. If a person has a bicycle and has the ability to ride a bike, they have the ability to ride to a friend's house, local store, or a large number of other places. This ability (probably) will increase their value of life and expand their choices. Therefore, a person needs the resources and the ability to use them to pursue their abilities. This is one example of how different resources or skills can contribute to human capabilities. The way to view this development, often overlooked in direct attention to collecting commodities and financial wealth, is not new. Philosophers, economists, and political leaders emphasize human well-being as the goal, or end of development. As Aristotle said in ancient Greece, "Wealth is definitely not the good we seek, because it is only useful for something else."
Video Human development (humanity)
History
Human Development Theory has its roots in ancient philosophy and early economic theory. Aristotle notes that "Wealth is clearly not the good we seek, because it is only useful for something else", and Adam Smith and Karl Marx are concerned about human capabilities. This theory became increasingly important in the 1980s with the work of Amartya Sen and his Human Capabilities perspective, which played a role in receiving the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economics. Early active activists who formulate modern concepts of human development theory are Mahbub ul Haq, ÃÆ'Ã… "ner Kirdar, and Amartya Sen. The Human Development Index developed for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) comes from this preliminary study. In 2000, Sen and Sudhir Anand published important theoretical developments to address sustainability issues.
The publication of Martha Nussbaum in the late 1990s and 2000s led the theorists to pay more attention to human beings in theory, and especially to human emotions. A separate approach derives from the needs of psychological theory which partly begins with Abraham Maslow (1968). This representative is a Human Scale Development approach developed by Manfred Max-Neef in the mid to late 1980s that addresses the needs and satisfaction of humans that are more or less static across time and context.
Anthropologists and sociologists also challenge the perspective on Human Development Theory derived from neoclassical economics. Examples of scholars included, Diane Elson, Raymond Apthorpe, Irene van Staveren, and Ananta Giri. Elson (1997) proposes that human development must move towards a more diverse approach to individual incentives. This will involve a change from seeing people as agents who control their choice of choosing from a series of possibilities utilizing human capital as one of many assets. Instead, theorists should see people have more choices that can change influenced by social structure and capacity that can change and use a humanistic approach to theory including factors related to culture, age, gender, and individual family roles. This expansion expresses a dynamic approach to theory, a dynamism advocated by Ul Haq and Sen, regardless of the implicit criticisms of both figures.
Maps Human development (humanity)
Measurement
One measure of human development is the Human Development Index (HDI), formulated by the United Nations Development Program. This index includes statistics such as life expectancy at birth, education index (calculated using the average school year and expected school year), and gross national income per capital. Although this index does not capture every aspect that contributes to human capabilities, it is a standard way of measuring human capabilities across countries and societies. Aspects that can be left out of the calculation include non-quantifiable income, such as staying home to raise children or bartering goods/services, as well as individual perceptions of their own well-being. Other measures of human development include the Human Poverty Index (HPI) and the Gender Empowerment Size. It measures many aspects of development.
Pillars
There are six basic pillars of human development: equality, sustainability, productivity, empowerment, cooperation and security.
- Equality is the idea of ​​justice for everyone, between men and women; we each have the right to education and health care.
- Sustainability is the view that we all have the right to make a living that can sustain our lives and have access to a more even distribution of goods.
- Productivity represents the full participation of people in the process of generating revenue. It also means that the government needs a more efficient social program for its people.
- Empowerment is the freedom of people to influence developments and decisions that affect their lives.
- Cooperation establishes the participation and belonging of communities and groups as a means of mutual enrichment and the source of social meaning.
- Security offers people development opportunities freely and securely with the confidence that they will not disappear suddenly in the future.
Human Rights
In looking for something else, human development shares a common vision with human rights. The goal is human freedom. Therefore, human development is interconnected with human rights and human freedom, because in well-managed life expectancies the prison and literacy as measured by the Human Development Index can be very high. And in pursuing the ability and realizing rights, this freedom is very important. People should be free to use their choices and participate in decisions that affect their lives. Human development and human rights are mutually reinforcing, helping to secure the welfare and dignity of all people, building self-esteem and respect for others. In times of rapid globalization, human rights issues arise in relation to multilateral corporations and poverty issues. The human development idea sets the need for education, better conditions for work and more choice for the individual. The idea is in line with human rights. Both concepts are simultaneously promoted first by good governance, implementation of human rights policies and the formation of community participation in the decision-making process, secondly by the promotion of civil and political rights and economic and social rights, which are components of the development level. For example, the right to education is concerned with intellectual development, and political rights are concerned with the level of political development of that society.
Health
The Development Axis is that it can be harmful or beneficial to human health, and ultimately human development, as it continues. In health issues, we divide it into diseases and poverty problems. On June 16, 2006 the World Health Organization (WHO) presented a report Preventing the disease through a healthy environment. No one in the world without environmental health problems and wealth issues. Development was first approached as a future for healing and more hope. However, these critics argue about side-effects such as environmental pollution and the gap between increasing wealth and poverty. The ineffectiveness of many public health policies in terms of health inequality and social problems must be held by the global community. Therefore, the ultimate goal is to achieve environmental sustainability. Some critics say development is undermined by health problems because it directly and indirectly affects growth to be lower. HIV/AIDS, in addition to malaria, has a negative impact on development and increased poverty in many places, especially in Africa. Achieving adequate health standards is critical to successful development and poverty eradication.
Human Development Report
Global Human Development Reports (HDR) is an annual publication released by the UNDP Human Development Reports Office and contains the Human Development Index. Not only are there global Human Development Reports but there are also regional and national reports that specifically show certain areas. In the global HDR there are four main indexes: Human Development Index, Gender Development Index, Gender Empowerment Measurement and Human Poverty Index. Regional, national and subnational (for some countries) HDR takes a variety of approaches, in line with the strategic thinking of a group of individual authors who make up individual reports. In the United States, for example, Measure of America has published human development reports since 2008 with a modified index, the human development index of the American Human Development Index, which measures the same three basic dimensions but uses slightly different indicators to better reflect the US. context and to maximize the use of available data.
The Human Development Index is a way for people and nations to see the weaknesses of policies from regions and countries. Although the release of this information is believed to encourage countries to change their policies, there is no evidence to suggest changes or whether there is a motivation for countries to do so.
Human Development Index
The Human Development Index ( HDI ) is a normal measure of life expectancy, education and per capita income for countries around the world. It is an improved standard means for measuring wellbeing, especially child welfare and thus human development. Although this index makes an effort to simplify human development, it is much more complex than an index or set of indicators.
The 2007 report showed a slight increase in the world's HDI compared to previous year's report. This increase is driven by general improvements in developing countries, especially from the most underdeveloped group of countries. This marked increase at the bottom is offset by a decline in high-income country HDI.
Human Poverty Index
To reflect the gap in the Human Development Index, the United Nations came out with the Human Poverty Index (HPI) in 1997 quotations needed . HPI measures a deficiency in three human development index indices: long and healthy life, sound knowledge and living standards. HPI is intended to provide a broader view of human development and be adapted to developed countries to express social exclusion.
Social Progress Index
The Social Progress Index is published by Social Progress Imperative. It combines indicators related to social welfare, equality, personal freedom and sustainability.
The Earth Summits, Agenda21, Millennium Development Goals and 17 # GlobalGoals
In an effort to promote human development, the UN supports the World Earth Summit where members to the UN unite the best of humans. In a few rounds, they discussed what humanity's biggest problem, measured it, and developed an action plan on how to solve this problem. This action plan is called Agenda 21 - an agenda to ensure humanity will remain after 2100. Thousands of cities now have local Agenda 21 and more companies and organizations are also aligning their strategic plans with Agenda21 strategic plans. As the year approached 2000, UN Secretary General Kofi ANNAN was forced to develop something in the private sector: establishing long-term plans, medium-term plans and short-term planning. This support supports Agenda21 and is named Millennium Development Goals that run from 2000 to 2015. The United Nations is committed to achieving this goal by 2015 and thereby making efforts to promote human development.
Because the experience of this exercise was considered successful, a follow-up program was developed which received the name 17 Sustainable Development Goals - by 2016 - after evaluation - replaced to 17 # GlobalGoals or Global Goals.
See also
- Human security
- International developments
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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