Human Development Index

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The Human Development Index (IPB ) is the composite statistic (life expectancy index, education, and income per capita) used to rank countries into four levels of human development. A country gets a higher HDI score when life spans are higher, higher education level, and GDP per capita is higher. IPM was developed by Pakistan's Economist Mahbub Ul Haq for UNDP.

The Human Development Report 2010 introduces the Human Development Index that is not equivalent to inequality (IHDI). While simple HDI remains useful, it states that "IHDI is the true level of human development (accounting for inequality)", and "HDI can be seen as a potential 'human development index' (or the maximum IHDI that can be achieved if there is no inequality)".

This index is based on a human development approach, developed by Ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people can "be" and "do" the things they want in life. Examples include - Beings: well fed, protected, healthy; Activities: work, education, choose, participate in community life. It should also be noted that freedom of choice is central - someone who chooses to be hungry (eg during religious fasting) is very different from someone who is hungry because they can not afford to buy food.

Video Human Development Index

Origins

The origins of HDI are found in the annual Human Development Report produced by the Human Development Reporting Office of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). It was created and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990, and has an explicit goal "to shift the economic focus of development from national income accounting to human-centered policies." To produce the Human Development Report, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Nobel laureate Amartya Sen makes use of Haq's work in his own work on human capabilities. Haq believes that a simple composite measure of human development is needed to convince the public, academia, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic progress but also the improvement of human well-being.

Maps Human Development Index

Dimensions and calculations

New method (Index 2010 and beyond)

Published on November 4, 2010 (and updated on June 10, 2011), the Human Development Index 2010 (HDI) combines three dimensions:

• A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth
• Education index: Average school year and expected school year
• Adequate standard of living: GNI per capita (PPP US $)

In the 2010 Human Development Report, UNDP began to use new methods of calculating HDI. The following three indexes are used:

1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) ${\ displaystyle = {\ frac {{\ textrm {LE}} - 20} {85-20}}}$

LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at birth is 85 and 0 when life expectancy at birth is 20.

2. Education Index (EI) ${\ displaystyle = {\ frac {{textrm {MYSI}} {\ textrm {EYSI}}} {2}}}$

2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) ${\ displaystyle = {\ frac {\ textrm {MYS}} {15}}}$

Fifteen is a projection of this indicator for 2025.

2.2 Expected School Year Index (EYSI) ${\ displaystyle = {\ frac {\ textrm {EYS}} {18}}}$

Eighteen is equivalent to earning a master's degree in most countries.

3. Income Index (II) ${\ displaystyle = {\ frac {\ ln ({\ textrm {GNIpc}}) - \ ln (100)} {\ ln (75,000) - \ ln (100)}}}$

II is 1 when the GNI per capita is $ 75,000 and 0 when the GNI per capita is $ 100.

Finally, IPM is the geometric mean of three previous normalization indices:

${\ displaystyle {\ textrm {HDI}} = {\ sqrt [{3}] {{\ textrm {LEI}} \ cdot {\ textrm {EI }} \ cdot {\ textrm {II}}}}.}$

LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Means school year (ie years where a person aged 25 years or over has spent time in formal education) EYS: Expected school year (i.e. total expected year of school for child under 18) PNBP: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita

Old method (before Index 2010)

HDI incorporates the last three dimensions used in the 2009 Report:

• Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity to HDI
• Knowledge and education, as measured by adult literacy rates (with two-thirds weighting) and a combination of primary, secondary, and tertiary registration ratios (by weighting one-third).
• Living standards, as indicated by the natural logarithm of per capita gross domestic product at purchasing power parity.

This methodology was used by UNDP until their 2011 report.

The formula that defines HDI is announced by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). In general, to change the raw variable, say ${\ displaystyle x}$ , being a free-unit index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indexes to be added together), the following formula is used:

• ${\ displaystyle x {\ text {index}} = {\ frac {x-a} {b-a}}}$

where ${\ displaystyle a}$ and ${\ displaystyle b}$ is the lowest and highest value of the variable ${\ displaystyle x}$ can reach, respectively.

Other organizations/companies may include other factors, such as infant mortality, resulting in different HDIs.

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2016 Human Development Index

The 2016 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 21, 2017, and calculates HDI values ​​based on estimates for 2015. Below is a list of "very high human development" countries:

• = increases.
• = stable.
• = decreases.
• Figures in parentheses indicate the number of country rankings that have gone up (up or down) relative to rank in the 2015 report.

HDI adjusted inequality

The Human Development Index Inequality (IHDI) is "the measure of the average level of human development in society after inequality is taken into account".

Ranking is not related to the above list of HDIs due to the exception of countries that have lost IHDI data (p.a, 206).

Countries in the top quartile of HDI (the "very high human development" group) with missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait.

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Human Development Index 2015

The Human Development Report 2015 by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14, 2015, and calculates HDI values ​​based on estimates for 2014. Below is a list of "very high human development" countries:

• = increases.
• = stable.
• = decreases.
• Figures in parentheses indicate the number of country rankings that have gone up (up or down) relative to rank in the 2014 report.

Unbalanced HDI adjusted

The Human Development Index Inequality (IHDI) is "the measure of the average level of human development in society after inequality is taken into account".

Note: The green arrow (), the red arrow (), and the blue line () represent the change in rank. Ranking is not related to the above list of HDIs due to exemption of countries that have lost IHDI data (p.a, 216).

Countries in the top quartile of HDI (the "very high human development" group) with missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba , and Kuwait.

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Human Development Index 2014

The Human Development Report 2014 by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014 and calculates HDI values ​​based on estimates for 2013. Below is a list of very high "human development" countries or regions:

• = increases.
• = stable.
• = decreases.
• The number in parentheses represents the number of countries or regions rankings that have risen (up or down) relative to rank in the 2013 report.

Country not included

Some countries are excluded for various reasons, mainly due to lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States are not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Tuvalu.

HDI that has no imbalances

The Human Development Index Inequality (IHDI) is "the measure of the average level of human development in society after inequality is taken into account".

Note: The green arrow (), the red arrow (), and the blue line () represent the change in rank. Ranking is not related to the above list of HDIs due to the exclusion of countries that have lost IHDI data (p.Ã,168).

Countries in the top quartile of HDI (the "very high human development" group) with missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba , and Kuwait.

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Previous top countries

The list below shows the top ranking countries of each year the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked thirteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland tops the list twice.

In every original HDI

This year shows when the report was published. In parentheses is the year in which the index is calculated.

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Geographic coverage

HDI has expanded its geographic coverage: David Hastings, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report that geographically expands HDI to 230 economies, while UNDP HDI for 2009 mentions 182 economies and coverage for HDI 2010 dropped to 169 country.

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List of country/region specific HDI

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Criticism

The Human Development Index has been criticized for a number of reasons, including the alleged lack of consideration of technological development or contribution to human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and rankings, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, underlying statistical measurement error, and on UNDP changes in a formula that can lead to severe classification errors in categorization of 'low', 'moderate', 'high' or 'very high' human development states.

Data source error

Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss HDI from the perspective of data errors in underlying health, education and income statistics used to build HDI. They identified three sources of data error caused by (i) updating the data, (ii) the revision of the formula and (iii) the threshold to classify the country's development status and concluded that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries could be interpreted as is currently misclassified in the development box because of the three sources of data errors, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should cease the practice of classifying countries into developmental barriers because: the cut-off values ​​appear arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to mislead politicians, investors, charity donors and people who use HDI widely.

In 2010, UNDP reacted to criticism and renewed the threshold to classify the nation as a low, middle, and high human development country. In a commentary for The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a January 6, 2011 article in a magazine that discusses Wolff's paper et al. . The Human Development Report Office stated that they made a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of HDI, and that the new methodology directly addressed the critique by Wolff et al. in this case resulted in a system for continuously updating human development categories whenever formulas or data revisions were made.

In 2013, Salvatore Monni and Alessandro Spaventa emphasize that in the GDP versus IPM debate, it is often forgotten that these are external indicators that prioritize different benchmarks that form the basis for the quantification of people's welfare. A bigger question is whether it is possible to shift policy focus from battle between competing paradigms with mechanisms to obtain information about the immediate welfare of the population.

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See also

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References

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External links

• Human Development Index
• Human Development and Ranking Tool
• "Technical notes describing HDI definitions" (PDF) . Ã, (5.54 MB)
• A new set of demographic data with the 'Human Development Index (HDI)'
• Independent HDI covering 232 countries, formulated based on traditional approach lines (pre-2010).

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