The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) is an introspective self-report questionnaire with the aim of showing different psychological preferences in how people perceive the world around them and make decisions.
MBTI was built by Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers. This is based on Carl Jung's conceptual theory, which has speculated that human beings experience the world using four main psychological functions-sensation, intuition, feeling, and thought-and that one of these four functions is dominant for most people. time.
MBTI is built for the normal population and emphasizes the value of differences that occur naturally. "The underlying assumption of MBTI is that we all have certain preferences in the way we interpret our experience, and this preference underlies our interests, needs, values, and motivations."
Although popular in the business sector, MBTI exhibits significant psychometric deficiencies, particularly including poor validity (ie not measuring what is meant to be measured, lacking predictive power or lacking generalizable items), poor reliability (giving different results for the same person on different occasions), measure the categories that are not independent (some dichotomous features have been noted correlated with each other), and are not comprehensive (due to missing neuroticism). The four scales used in the MBTI have a correlation with four of the five Big Five personality traits, which is a more commonly accepted framework.
Video Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
History
Katharine Cook Briggs began her research on personality in 1917. After meeting with her son-in-law, she observed the striking differences between her personality and the personality of other family members. Briggs started a biography reading project, and later developed a typology in which he proposed four temperaments: meditative (or wise), spontaneous, executive, and social.
After the English translation of Jung's Psychological Type book published in 1923 (first published in German in 1921), he admits that Jung's theory is similar to, but far beyond, his own. The four types of Briggs are then identified as corresponding to IXXXs, EXXPs, EXTJs and EXFJs. His first publication was two articles describing Jung's theory, in the journal New Republic in 1926 ("Meet Yourself Using the Cat Box of Personality") and 1928 ("Rise Of Barbarianism"). After extensively studying Jung's work, they expanded their interest in human behavior into an attempt to convert psychological type theory to practical use.
Briggs' daughter Isabel Briggs Myers joined her mother's typological research and progressively took over. Myers graduated first in his class from Swarthmore College in 1919 and wrote a mystery novel, Murder Yet to Come , using typological ideas in 1929, which won the National Detective Mystery Killer Competition that year. Both Myers and Briggs, however, were not formally educated in psychological disciplines, and both were self-taught in the field of psychometric tests. Therefore Myers apprenticed himself to Edward N. Hay, who was then a personnel manager for a major bank in Philadelphia and then started one of the first successful personnel consulting firms in the United States. From Hay, Myers studied imperfect test construction, scoring, validation, and statistical methods.
Briggs and Myers started making indicators during World War II with the belief that knowledge of personality preferences will help women enter the industrial workforce for the first time identifying the types of war jobs that will be "most convenient and effective" for them. The Briggs Myers Type Indicator Handbook was published in 1944. The indicator changed its name to "Myers-Briggs Type Indicator" in 1956. Myers's work caught the attention of Henry Chauncey, head of the Educational Testing Service. Under this auspices, the first MBTI Manual was published in 1962. MBTI received further support from Donald W. MacKinnon, head of the Institute of Personality and Social Research at the University of California, Berkeley; W. Harold Grant, a professor at Michigan State University and Auburn University; and Mary H. McCaulley from the University of Florida. MBTI Publications was transferred to Psychologist Consultancy Press in 1975, and the Psychological Application Type Center was established as a research laboratory.
After Myers' death in May 1980, Mary McCaulley updated the MBTI Manual and the second edition was published in 1985. The third edition appeared in 1998.
The origin of theory
Jung's theory of the psychological type is not based on controlled scientific studies, but on clinical observation, introspection, and anecdotes - methods that are considered inconclusive in the modern field of scientific psychology.
Jung's typology theory postulates the sequence of four cognitive functions (thought, feeling, sensation, and intuition), each having one of two polar orientations (extraversion or introversion), giving a total of eight dominant functions. MBTI is based on these eight hypothetical functions, though with some differences in the expression of the Jung model (see Differences from Jung below). While the Jungian model offers empirical evidence for the first three dichotomies, does Briggs have evidence for a J-P preference unclear.
Differences from Jung
Assessment of structured personality vs. projective
MBTI takes the so-called "structured" approach to personality judgment. Responses to items are considered "closed" as they are interpreted according to the test builder's theory in the assessment. This is contrary to the "projective" approach to personality assessment advocated by psychodynamic theorists such as Carl Jung. Indeed, Jung is a supporter of the "word association" test, one step with a "projective" approach. This approach uses an "open" response that needs to be interpreted in the context of a "whole" person, and is inconsistent with the preconceived theories and concepts of the test takers. It reveals how unconscious dispositions, such as hidden emotions and internal conflicts, affect behavior. Proponents of the "projective" approach to personality assessment are crucial from a "structured" approach because defense mechanisms can distort responses to closed items in structured tests and the bias of the constructor can affect the results of interpretation.
Assess vs. perception
The most important addition to Myers and Briggs' ideas for Jung's original thinking is their concept that a fourth letter of a particular type (J or P) denotes one's most favored extraction function, which is the dominant function for the extravert type and additional functions for the introverted type.
Orientation of tertiary function
Jung theorizes that the dominant function acts alone in the world of his choice: the exterior for extravert and interior for introverts. The three remaining functions, he suggests, operate together in the opposite orientation. If the dominant cognitive function is introverted, the other functions are extravert and vice versa. The MBTI Manual summarizes Jung's work of balance in the following psychological types: "There are some references in Jung's inscription for the three remaining functions having opposite character attitudes, for example, in writing about introverts with dominant thinking... Jung commented that the balancing function has an extravertous character. "However, many MBTI practitioners argue that the tertiary function is oriented in the same direction as the dominant function. Using INTP types as an example, the orientation would be as follows:
- Dominant introvert thinking
- Help extraverted intuition
- Starting tertiary introverts
- Inferior extraverted feelings
Maps Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Drafts
The MBTI Manual states that the indicator "is designed to implement theory, therefore the theory must be understood to understand MBTI". Fundamental MBTI is a type of psychological theory as developed by Carl Jung. Jung proposed the existence of two pairs of dichotomous cognitive functions:
- The "rational" function (judging): thinking and feeling
- The "irrational" function (perceiving): sensation and intuition
Jung believes that for each person, each function is expressed primarily in the form of introvert or extravert. Based on Jung's original concept, Briggs and Myers developed their own psychological type theory, described below, where MBTI is based. However, although psychologist Hans Eysenck calls MBTI as a fairly successful quantification of Jung's original principles as outlined in Psychological Types, he also says, "[The MBTI] creates 16 personality types that are said to be similar to Jung's theoretical concept, I always find difficulties with this identification, which removes half of Jung's theory (he has 32 types, asserting that for every conscious combination there are unconscious) theory does not recognize the measurement of the questionnaire, but to abandon it and pretend -pause that the scale measuring Jung's concept is almost unfair to Jung. "However, both models remain hypothetical, with no controlled scientific studies supporting the original Jung type concept or Myers-Briggs variations.
Type
Jung's typology model considers the same psychological type as left-handed or right-handed: people are born with, or develop, certain ways to understand and decide. MBTI sorts some of these psychological differences into four opposite pairs, or "dichotomies", producing 16 possible psychological types. None of this type is "better" or "worse"; However, Briggs and Myers theorize that people by nature "prefer" an overall combination of the different types. In the same way that writing with the left hand is difficult for a right handler, so people tend to find using opposing psychological preferences more difficult, although they can become more adept (and therefore flexible behavior) with practice and development.
These 16 types are usually referred to by the abbreviation of the four letters - the initial letter of each of the four types of their preferences (except in the case of intuition, which uses the abbreviation "N" to distinguish it from introversion). Example:
- ESTJ : extraversion (E), sensing (S), thinking (T), rating (J)
- INFP : introversion (I), intuition (N), feeling (F), perception (P)
This abbreviation is applied to all 16 types.
Four dichotomies
Four pairs of preferences or "dichotomies" are displayed in adjacent tables.
The terms used for each dichotomy have special technical significance relating to MBTI, which is different from their daily use. For example, people who favor perceptions of judgment are not always more "judgmental" or less "perceptive", as are the MBTI instruments of measuring talent; it just shows for one preference over the other. A person who reports high scores for extraversion over introversy can not be described correctly as more extra: they have only a clear preference.
The point scores on each dichotomy can vary from person to person, even between those of the same type. However, Isabel Myers considers the direction of preference (eg, E vs. I) to be more important than the level of preference (eg, very obvious vs. few). The expression of one's psychological type is more than the sum of the four individual preferences. Preferences interact through type dynamics and type development.
Attitude: extraversion/introversion
Myers-Briggs literature uses the term extraversion and introversion when Jung first uses it. Ekstraversion means literally changed direction and introversion, turned inward. This specific definition is somewhat different from the use of popular words. Extraversion is a spelling used in MBTI publications.
Preferences for extraversion and introversion are often called "attitudes". Briggs and Myers recognize that each cognitive function can operate in the external world of behavior, actions, people, and things ("extravert attitude") or the internal world of ideas and reflections ("introverted attitudes"). The MBTI assessment sorts out the overall preference for one or the other.
People who prefer extraversion draw energy from action: they tend to act, then contemplate, then act further. If they are inactive, their motivation tends to decrease. To rebuild their energy, extravert requires a break from time spent in reflection. Conversely, those who prefer introversy "release" energy through action: they prefer to reflect, then act, then reflect again. To rebuild their energy, introverts need quiet time away from activity.
The extravert flow is directed toward people and objects, while introverts are directed toward concepts and ideas. The contrasting characteristics between extravert and introverted people include:
- Extraverted is action-oriented, whereas introverts are thought-oriented.
- Extraverted seeks the breadth of knowledge and influence, while introverts seek depth of knowledge and influence.
- Extravert often interacts more frequently, while introverts prefer substantial interactions.
- Extraverted recharge and get their energy from spending time with people, while refilling introverts and getting their energy from spending time alone; they consume their energy through the opposite process.
Function: sensing/intuition and thought/feeling
Jung identifies two pairs of psychological functions:
- Two sensing functions: sensation (usually called sensing in MBTI writing) and intuition
- Two judging functions: think and feel
According to Jung's typology model, everyone uses one of these four functions more dominant and adept than the other three; However, these four functions are used at different times depending on the circumstances.
Sensing and intuition is an information-gathering function (perceiving). They illustrate how new information is understood and interpreted. People who prefer to feel more inclined to trust the information that is present in the present, real, and concrete: that is information that can be understood by the five senses. They tend not to believe in hunches, which seem to come "out of nowhere". They prefer to look for details and facts. For them, the meaning is in the data. On the other hand, those who prefer intuition tend to believe in information that is less dependent on the senses, which can be attributed to other information (either remembered or found by searching for a wider context or pattern). They may be more interested in possible futures. For them, the meaning lies in the basic theories and principles manifested in the data.
Thinking and feeling is a decision-making function (assessment). The function of thinking and feeling are both used to make rational decisions, based on data received from their information-gathering function (sensing or intuition). Those who prefer to think tend to decide things from a more separate perspective, measuring decisions by what seems reasonable, logical, causal, consistent, and compatible with a set of specific rules. Those who prefer to feel inclined to make decisions by associating or empathizing with situations, looking at it from within and considering situations to achieve, balance, harmony, consensus and greatest conformity, taking into account the needs of the people involved.. Thinkers usually have problems interacting with people who are inconsistent or illogical, and tend to give very direct feedback to others. They care about the truth and see it as more important.
As already noted, people who prefer to think are not always, in the everyday sense, "think better" than their peers who feel, in common sense; reverse preferences are regarded as equally rational in decision-making (and, in any case, MBTI assessments are a measure of preference, not ability). Similarly, those who prefer feelings do not always have "better" emotional reactions than their thinking counterparts. However, in many cases, people who use the function of thinking as dominant or helpers tend to have less developed functional feelings, and often have more problems with organizing and making healthy and productive decisions based on their feelings.
Dominant function
According to Jung, people use all four cognitive functions. However, one function is generally used in a more conscious and confident way. This dominant function is supported by secondary function (aids), and to a lesser extent tertiary function. The fourth and most unconscious functions always contradict the dominant functions. Myers calls this inferior function a "shadow".
The four functions operate in tandem with attitude (extraversion and introversion). Each function is used either by extravert or introvert. A person whose dominant function is extra intuition, for example, uses intuition very differently from someone whose dominant function is introverted intuition.
Myers and Briggs add another dimension to Jung's typological model by identifying that people also have a preference for using their rate function (thinking or feeling) or their perceiving function (feel or intuition ) when dealing with the outside world (extraversion).
Myers and Briggs argue that the types with a preference for judgment show the world their valuation function (think or feel). Thus, the TJ type tends to emerge into the world as a logical type and FJ as empathic. According to Myers, assessing such types as "solved the problem".
The types that favor perception show the world their preferred sensing function (sensing or intuition). Thus, SP types tend to appear to the world as concrete types and NPs as abstracts. According to Myers, the perceptive type prefers to "keep making decisions open".
For extravert, J or P denotes its dominant function; for introverts, J or P shows their additional functions. Introverts tend to show their dominant function only in terms of "important to their inner world". As an example:
Since the ENTJ type is extravert, J indicates that the dominant function is the preferred jurisdiction function (extravert thinking). Type ENTJ introvert additional sensing function (introverted intuition). The tertiary function of feeling and inferior function is an introverted feeling.
Because the INTJ type is introverted, however, J instead indicates that the additional function is the preferred jurisdiction function (extravert thinking). The INTJ introvert type perceives the dominant function (introverted intuition). The tertiary function is the feeling and the inferior function is extravert sensing.
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Format and administration
The current MBTI version of North American English, I include 93 forced choice questions (88 in the English version of Europe). "Forced option" means that one must choose only one of two possible answers to each question. The choice is a mix of word pairs and short statements. Choice does not contradict literally, but is chosen to reflect opposite preferences on the same dichotomy. Participants can skip questions if they feel they can not vote.
Using psychometric techniques, such as the response theory of goods, MBTI will then be assessed and will seek to identify preferences, and clarity of preferences, within each dichotomy. After taking MBTI, participants are usually required to complete the "Fit Best" exercise (see below) and then be given a Reported Type reading, which will usually include bar graphs and numbers (Index Clarity Preferences) to show how clear they are about each preference when they complete questionnaire.
During the initial development of MBTI, thousands of items were used. Most were eventually discarded because they did not have a high "midpoint discrimination", which meant the results of one item were not, on average, moving the individual score from the midpoint. Using only items with high midpoint discrimination allows MBTI to have fewer items on it, but still provides as much statistical information as other instruments with more items with lower midpoint discrimination.
Additional formats
Isabel Myers has noted that people of a given type share differences, as well as similarities. At the time of his death, he developed a more in-depth method of measuring how people express and experience patterns of their own.
In 1987, an advanced assessment system was developed for MBTI. From here developed the Type Differentiation Indicator (Saunders, 1989) which is a rating system for the longer MBTI, Form J , which includes 290 items written by Myers that have survived the analysis of the previous items. This yields 20 subscales (five under each of the four dichotomous preference scales), plus seven additional subscales for the new "Comfort-Discomfort" factor (which supposedly corresponds to the missing factor of neuroticism).
This factor scale shows a sense of comfort and overall belief versus discomfort and anxiety. They also fit into one of four types of dimensions: guarded-optimistic (also T/F), challenging-obedient (also T/F), cheer-up (also T/F), firm-ambivalent (also J/P) , intrepid-inhibited (Also E/I), leader-follower (Also E/I), and proactive-distractible (also J/P)
Also included is a combination of the so-called "strains" of this. There are also scales for scale-type consistency and consistency of convenience scale. The reliability of 23 of the 27 TDI subscales is greater than 0.50, "an acceptable result given the short subscale" (Saunders, 1989).
In 1989, the scoring system developed only for 20 subscales for four original dichotomies. It was originally known as "Form K" or "Expanded Analysis Report". This tool is now called "MBTI Step II".
Form J or TDI including items (derived from Myers' and McCaulley's previous job) are required to score what is known as "Step III". (The 1998 MBTI Manual reported that the two instruments are one and the same) It was developed in a joint project involving the following organizations: CPP, MBTI family publishers working; CAPT (Psychological Type Application Center), which stores all Myers and McCaulley's original works; and MBTI Trust, led by Katharine and Peter Myers. Step III is advertised as addressing the development of type and use of perception and assessment by respondents.
Translation to other languages ​​
MBTI has been successfully translated and adapted to more than 20 languages, including reviews by key experts who are fluent in the original language, and statistical analysis to check that the questions still measure the same psychological concepts as the original English US questionnaire.
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Sila and ethics
This teaching is commonly used in the MBTI ethics administration:
- Type not a character
- Type MBTI for type; it does not show the power of ability. This allows clarity of preference to be confirmed (Bill obviously prefers introversion), but not the power of preference (Jane loves extraversion) or intelligence level (Harry is good at thinking). In this sense, it differs from a properties-based tool like 16PF. The type of preference is the opposite pole: an MBTI rule is that people basically prefer one thing to another, not least of them.
- Have the best ratings
- People are considered the best judges of their own type. While MBTI provides Type Reported, this is considered only an indication of their overall Type of Opportunity. The Best Fit process is typically used to allow respondents to develop their understanding of the four dichotomies, to form their own hypotheses for their overall Type, and to compare them with Reported Types. In more than 20% of cases, the hypothesis and Reported Type differ in one or more dichotomies. By using the clarity of each preference, any potential bias in the report, and often, a comparison of two or more Types can help respondents determine their own Best Matches.
- Nothing is right or wrong
- No preference or total type is considered better or worse than others. They are all 'Different Gifts', as emphasized by the title of Isabel Briggs Myers's book on this.
- Volunteering
- Anyone interesting to take MBTI is considered unethical. It must always be taken voluntarily.
- Confidentiality
- The results of MBTI types reported and Best Fit are confidential between individuals and administrators, and ethically, not to be disclosed without permission.
- Not for selection
- The assessment results should not be used to " label , evaluate, or restrict respondents in any way" (original emphasis). Because all kinds are valuable, and MBTI measures preferences rather than proficiency, MBTI is not regarded as the right instrument for job selection purposes. Many professions contain highly competent individuals of various types with complementary preferences.
- The importance of proper feedback
- People should always be provided with detailed feedback from trained administrators and the opportunity to conduct Fit Best exercises to check Reported Types. This feedback can be provided directly, by phone or electronically.
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Type dynamics and development
The interaction of two, three, or four preferences is known as "type dynamics". Although the dynamics of the type have received little or no empirical support to prove its viability as a scientific theory, Myers and Briggs affirm that for each of the 16 four-preference types, one function is the most dominant and possibly the earliest proven in life. Secondary or additional functions usually become more distinct during adolescence and provide balance to the dominant ones. In normal development, the individual tends to become more eloquent with the third, tertiary function during the middle of life, while the fourth, inferior function remains least consciously developed. Inferior function is often thought to be more related to unconsciousness, most obviously in situations such as high stress (sometimes referred to as "in the grip" of inferior functions).
However, the use of type dynamics is debated: in the conclusion of various studies on the subject of type dynamics, James H. Reynierse writes, "Type dynamics has persistent logic problems and is basically based on a series of category errors; it provides, at best, limited accounts and complete on related phenomena of type "; and "type dynamics rely on anecdotal evidence, failing most of the efficacy tests, and not in accordance with empirical facts". His studies gave clear results that the description and workings of the type dynamics did not match the actual behavior of people. He advises to completely get rid of the type dynamics, because it does not help, but hinders the understanding of the personality. The expected sequence of functions 1 to 4 occurs only in one of 540 test results.
The order of differentiation of dominant, auxiliary, and tertiary functions through life is termed developmental type . This is an ideal sequence that may be interrupted by major events in life.
The sequence of functions and dynamic attitudes can be determined in the following ways:
- Lifestyle preferences (J-P) determine whether the assessment preference (T-F) or observation (S-N) is most evident in the outside world; that is, which function has an extra attitude
- Preferences attitudes (E-I) determine whether extravert functions are dominant or additional
- For those with an overall preference for extraversion, the function with extraverted attitudes will be the dominant function. For example, for the ESTJ type the dominant function is the function of judging, thinking, and this is experienced by extravertism. This is denoted as the dominant Te. For ESTP, the dominant function is the function of sensing, sensing, denoted as the dominant Se.
- The help function for extraverts is a secondary preference of the judging or sensing function, and it is experienced with introverted attitudes: for example, the additional functions for ESTJ are introverted (Si) and auxiliary sensations for ESTP are introverted thinking ( Ti).
- For those with a thorough preference for introversy, the function with extravert attitude is help ; dominant is another function in the preference of the four major letters. So the dominant function for ISTJ is introverted sensing (Si) with auxiliary function (support) is extravert thinking (Te).
- The tertiary function is the reverse preferences of the tool. For example, if the Auxiliary thinks Tertiary will feel. The attitude of the tertiary is the subject of some debate and is therefore usually not shown; ie if the addition is Te then the tertiary is F (not Fe or Fi)
- The inferior function is the preference and opposite attitude of the Dominant, so for ESTJ with Te the lower dominant will become Fi.
Note that for extravert, the dominant functions are the most obvious in the external world. For introverts, however, it is the most obvious additional function externally, since their dominant function is related to the interior world.
Some examples of the whole type can clarify this further. Taking the example of ESTJ above:
- Extravert function is a judging function (T-F) because the overall preference J
- Extravert function is dominant because of overall preference E
- The dominant function is extravert thinking (Te)
- Helper function is the preferred sensing function: introverted sensing (Si)
- The tertiary function is the opposite of Auxiliary: intuition (N)
- The inferior function is the opposite of Dominant: introverted (Fi)
feeling
Dynamics ESTJ is found in the main combination of extravertous thinking as a dominant function and introverted sensing as their added function: the ESTJ's predominant tendency to regulate their environment, to set clear boundaries, to clarify roles and schedules, and to direct activities around them supported by their facilities to use past experiences in a regular and systematic way to help organize themselves and others. For example, ESTJ can enjoy trip planning for a group of people to achieve a goal or to perform some cultural lifting functions. Because of their ease in directing others and their facilities in managing their own time, they involve all the resources they have to achieve their goals. However, under prolonged pressure or sudden trauma, ESTJ can overuse the extraverted thinking function and fall into the grip of their inferior function, introverted feeling. Although ESTJ may appear insensitive to other people's feelings in their normal activities, under intense pressure, they can suddenly express feelings of disrespect or hurt by insensitivity.
Seeing the opposite four letter type, INFP :
- Extravert function is a sensing function (S-N) because of the preference of P
- The introvert function is dominant because of my preference
- The dominant function is the introvert (Fi) feeling
- Additional functions are extra intuition (Ne)
- The tertiary function is the opposite of Auxiliary: sensing (S)
- The inferior function is the opposite of Dominant: extravert thinking (Te)
The dynamics of INFP lies in the basic correspondence of introverted feelings and extraverted intuition. The dominant tendency of INFP is to build a rich internal framework of values ​​and toward the promotion of human rights. They often devote themselves behind the scenes to cause such civil rights or save the environment. Because they tend to avoid the limelight, postpone decisions, and maintain a protected posture, they are rarely found in the executive-director-type position of the organization that serves the cause. Typically, INFP does not like to be "responsible" things. When not under pressure, INFP exudes a pleasant and sympathetic attitude, but under extreme pressure, they can suddenly become stiff and focused, exerting their excessive thoughts irregularly.
Each type, and vice versa, is an expression of this interaction, which gives each unique type, a recognizable signature .
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Cognitive learning style
This test is assessed by evaluating each answer in terms of what it discloses about the taker. Each question is relevant to one of the following cognitive learning styles. Each is not opposite to the poles, but a continuum that gradually.
Extraversion/Introversy
Extraverted types learn best by talking and interacting with others. By interacting with the physical world, extravert can process and understand new information. The introvert type prefers quiet reflection and privacy. Information processing takes place for introverts as they explore ideas and concepts internally.
Sensing/Intuition
The second continuum reflects what people focus on their attention. This type of sensing enjoys a learning environment in which material is presented in detail and in sequence. This type of sensing often takes account of what is happening in the present, and can move on to the abstract once they have built up a concrete experience. The intuitive type prefers a learning atmosphere where emphasis is placed on meaning and association. Insights are valued higher than careful observation, and pattern recognition occurs naturally for intuitive types.
Thinking/Feeling
The third continuum reflects one's decision preferences. The thinking types want objective truth and logical and natural principles of deductive reasoning. This kind of sense puts emphasis on issues and causes that can be personalized when they consider the motives of others.
Assess/Perceive
The fourth continuum reflects how one perceives complexity. This type of assessment will develop when information is organized and structured, and they will be motivated to complete the task to get closure. This type of perception will develop in a flexible learning environment in which they are stimulated by new and exciting ideas. The rating type is like a timely, while the type that understands may be late and/or procrastinate.
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Correlations with other instruments
Keirsey temperament
David W. Keirsey charted four "temperaments" for the grouping of existing Myers-Briggs systems: SP, SJ, NF and NT; this often results in the confusion of two theories. However, Keirsey Temperament Sorter is not directly related to the official Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
Big Five
McCrae and Costa based on their Five Factor Model (FFM) on the Big Five Goldberg theory. McCrae and Costa present a correlation between the MBTI scale and the popular Big Five personality construction that is currently popularly measured, for example, by NEO-PI-R. Five recognized personality concepts have been labeled: extraversion, openness, friendliness, thoroughness, and neuroticism (emotional instability), although there is no universal agreement on the Big Five and Five Factor Model (FFM) theories. The following study is based on the results of 267 men who were followed as part of a longitudinal study of aging. (Similar results were obtained with 201 women.)
These results indicate that four MBTI scales can be included in the construction of the Big Five personality trait, but MBTI does not have the size for the emotional stability dimensions of the Big Five (although TDI, discussed above, has already discussed that dimension). Emotional stability (or neuroticism) is a predictor of depression and anxiety disorders. This correlation refers to the second letter shown, that is, the table shows that I and P have negative correlations with extraversion and conscientiousness, respectively, while F and N have positive correlations with friendliness and openness, respectively.
This finding leads McCrae and Costa to conclude that, "correlational analysis shows that the four MBTI index measures the four aspects of the five main dimensions of normal personality.The five-factor model provides an alternative basis for interpreting MBTI findings in a broader, more commonly distributed conceptual framework. "However," there is no support for the view that MBTI actually measures dichotomous preferences or different types qualitatively, instead, a relatively independent four-dimensional measure instrument. "
Personality disorder
One study found personality disorder as described by DSM as a whole to correlate modestly with I, N, T, and P, although associations vary significantly by the disorder. Only two disorders with significant correlations of the four MBTI dimensions are schizotypal (INTP) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (ISTJ).
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Criticism
Validity (statistical validity and validity test) of MBTI as a psychometric instrument has been the subject of much criticism.
It is estimated that between one-third and one-half of the material published on MBTI has been produced for special conferences Centers for Psychological Type Applications (which provide training in MBTI, funded by MBTI sales) or as papers in the Journal of Psychological Type (edited and supported by Myers-Briggs supporters and based on sales indicators). It has been argued that this reflects a lack of critical scrutiny. Many studies that support MBTI are methodologically weak or unscientific. A 1996 review by Gardner and Martinko concludes: "It is clear that attempts to detect a simple relationship between type preferences and managerial effectiveness have been disappointing, and given the varying quality of research and inconsistent findings, no conclusive conclusions about this relationship can be drawn. "
Psychometric expert Robert Hogan writes: "Most personality psychologists consider MBTI just a bit more than a Chinese lucky cook..."
No evidence for dichotomy
As explained in section Four dichotomies, Isabel Myers considers the direction of preference (eg, E vs. I) to be more important than the preference level. Statistically, this means that scores on each MBTI scale will show a bimodal distribution with most people who print near the end of the scale, so divide people into good, for example, extroverted or introverted psychological types. However, most studies have found that scores on individual scales are actually distributed centrally, similar to normal distributions, suggesting that the majority of people actually are at the center of the scale and thus are not clearly introverted or extroverted. Most personality traits do show normal distribution scores from low to high, with about 15% of people on the lower end, about 15% at the top and most people in the middle range. But in order for MBTI to be printed, a cut-off line is used in the middle of each scale and all scores below the line are classified as low type and scores above the line are given with the opposite type. Thus, psychometric assessment research fails to support the type concept, but rather shows that most people are near the center of the continuous curve. "Although we did not conclude that the absence of bimodality certainly proves that assumptions based on MBTI theory of invalid personality 'types' of personality, the absence of empirical bimodality in IRT-based research MBTI scores did eliminate the potential of stronger evidence lines previously available for" type "supporters to cite in defense of their position. "
Validity and utilities
The content of the MBTI scale is problematic. In 1991, the National Academy of Sciences committee reviewed data from MBTI research and concluded that only high-correlated I-E scales with comparable scales of other instruments and low correlations with instruments designed to assess different concepts, indicate strong validity. In contrast, the S-N and T-F scales show relatively weak validity. The review committee in 1991 concluded at the time there was "insufficient, well-designed research to justify the use of MBTI in career counseling programs". This study is based on the measurement of the validity of "validity-related criteria (ie, does MBTI predict specific outcomes related to interpersonal relations or career success/job performance?)." There is not enough evidence to make claims about utilities, especially of the four types of letters derived from a person's response to an MBTI item.
Lack of objectivity
MBTI's accuracy depends on honest self-reporting. Unlike some personality questionnaires, such as the 16PF Questionnaire, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or the Personality Assessment Inventory, MBTI does not use the scale of validity to assess exaggerated or socially desirable responses. Consequently, individuals who are motivated to do so can falsify their responses, and one study found that the dimensions of MBTI assessment/perception correlated poorly with the scale of the Eysenck Personality lies. If respondents "are afraid they may lose something, they may answer because they think they should be ." However, the MBTI ethics guidelines state, "It is unethical and in many cases illegal to ask job applicants to take the Indicator if the results will be used to screen applicants." The purpose of MBTI is to provide a "framework for understanding individual differences, and... the dynamic model of individual development".
Terminology
The terminology MBTI has been criticized as very "unclear and general", allowing any kind of behavior to suit any personality type, which can produce the Forer effect, where people rank high for positive descriptions that purportedly apply to them. Others argue that while MBTI type descriptions are short, they are also distinctive and precise. Some theorists, such as David Keirsey, have expanded the MBTI description, providing greater detail. For example, Keirsey's description of his four temperaments, which he relates to sixteen MBTI personality types, shows how temperaments differ in terms of language use, intellectual orientation, educational and vocational interests, social orientation, self-image, personal values, social roles, and typical hand movements.
Factor analysis
Researchers have reported that the scale of JP and SN are related to each other. A factor-analytic study based on (N = 1291) college-aged students found six different factors, not the recognized four dimensions, thus raising doubts about the validity of the MBTI construct.
Correction
According to Hans Eysenck: "The main dimension in MBTI is called IE, or extroversy, this is largely social scale, relates well enough to the scale of MMPI (negative) social introversion and External (positive) Extraversion scales. neuroticism, which is correlated with the introverted end, so introversion correlates roughly (ie, average values ​​for men and women) -44 with dominance, -23 with aggression,.37 with abactions, 46 with counseling readiness, -52 with confidence , -.36 with personal adjustment, and -.45 with empathy.The scale failure to describe introversion and neuroticism (no scale for neurotic and other psychopathological attributes in MBTI) is the worst feature, only matched by failure to use factor analysis to test item settings on a scale. "
Reliability
The reliability of the repeat tests of the MBTI tends to be low. A large number of people (between 39% and 76% of respondents) obtained a different classification of the type when retrieving the indicator after just five weeks. In Fortune Magazine (May 15, 2013), the article entitled "Have we all been tricked by the Myers-Briggs Test" states:
At each dichotomy scale, as measured in Form G, approximately 83% categorization remains the same when people are retested in nine months and about 75% when retested after nine months. Approximately 50% of people who manage MBTI in nine months remain the same overall type and 36% of the same type after more than nine months. For Form M (current form of the MBTI instrument), MBTI Manual reports that this score is higher (p.136, Table 8.6).
In one study, when people were asked to compare the types they liked with those determined by the MBTI assessment, only half of the people chose the same profile.
It has been argued that criticism of MBTI largely comes down to the question of the validity of its origins, not the question of the validity of the usefulness of MBTI. Others argue that MBTI can be a reliable measure of personality; incidentally that "like all sizes, MBTI generates scores that depend on sample characteristics and test conditions".
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Utilities
Isabel Myers claims that the proportions of different personality types vary by career choice or course. However, investigators who examined the proportions of each type in various professions reported that the proportion of MBTI types in each job was close to that in a random sample population. Some researchers have expressed reservations about the relevance of the type to job satisfaction, as well as concerns about the potential misuse of the instrument in labeling people.
CPP became MBTI's exclusive publisher in 1975. They called it "the most widely used personality assessment in the world", with as many as two million assessments being awarded annually. CPP and other supporters state that the indicators meet or exceed the reliability of other psychological instruments and cite reports of individual behavior.
Although support for meta-analysis claims for validity and reliability, studies show that MBTI "has no convincing validity data" and that is pseudoscience.
MBTI has poor predictive validity of employee job performance ratings. As noted above by Precepts and ethics, MBTI measures preference, not ability. The use of MBTI as a predictor of successful work is strictly prohibited in the Manual . It is said that MBTI continues to be popular because many people lack psychometric sophistication, it is not difficult to understand, and there are many supporting books, websites and other resources available to the general public.
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See also
src: i.pinimg.com
Note
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References and further reading
External links
- Myers & amp; Briggs Foundation
- Profile Personality Type 16
Source of the article : Wikipedia
Myers and Briggs add another dimension to Jung's typological model by identifying that people also have a preference for using their rate function (thinking or feeling) or their perceiving function (feel or intuition ) when dealing with the outside world (extraversion).
Myers and Briggs argue that the types with a preference for judgment show the world their valuation function (think or feel). Thus, the TJ type tends to emerge into the world as a logical type and FJ as empathic. According to Myers, assessing such types as "solved the problem".
The types that favor perception show the world their preferred sensing function (sensing or intuition). Thus, SP types tend to appear to the world as concrete types and NPs as abstracts. According to Myers, the perceptive type prefers to "keep making decisions open".
For extravert, J or P denotes its dominant function; for introverts, J or P shows their additional functions. Introverts tend to show their dominant function only in terms of "important to their inner world". As an example:
Since the ENTJ type is extravert, J indicates that the dominant function is the preferred jurisdiction function (extravert thinking). Type ENTJ introvert additional sensing function (introverted intuition). The tertiary function of feeling and inferior function is an introverted feeling.
Because the INTJ type is introverted, however, J instead indicates that the additional function is the preferred jurisdiction function (extravert thinking). The INTJ introvert type perceives the dominant function (introverted intuition). The tertiary function is the feeling and the inferior function is extravert sensing.
Format and administration
The current MBTI version of North American English, I include 93 forced choice questions (88 in the English version of Europe). "Forced option" means that one must choose only one of two possible answers to each question. The choice is a mix of word pairs and short statements. Choice does not contradict literally, but is chosen to reflect opposite preferences on the same dichotomy. Participants can skip questions if they feel they can not vote.
Using psychometric techniques, such as the response theory of goods, MBTI will then be assessed and will seek to identify preferences, and clarity of preferences, within each dichotomy. After taking MBTI, participants are usually required to complete the "Fit Best" exercise (see below) and then be given a Reported Type reading, which will usually include bar graphs and numbers (Index Clarity Preferences) to show how clear they are about each preference when they complete questionnaire.
During the initial development of MBTI, thousands of items were used. Most were eventually discarded because they did not have a high "midpoint discrimination", which meant the results of one item were not, on average, moving the individual score from the midpoint. Using only items with high midpoint discrimination allows MBTI to have fewer items on it, but still provides as much statistical information as other instruments with more items with lower midpoint discrimination.
Additional formats
Isabel Myers has noted that people of a given type share differences, as well as similarities. At the time of his death, he developed a more in-depth method of measuring how people express and experience patterns of their own.
In 1987, an advanced assessment system was developed for MBTI. From here developed the Type Differentiation Indicator (Saunders, 1989) which is a rating system for the longer MBTI, Form J , which includes 290 items written by Myers that have survived the analysis of the previous items. This yields 20 subscales (five under each of the four dichotomous preference scales), plus seven additional subscales for the new "Comfort-Discomfort" factor (which supposedly corresponds to the missing factor of neuroticism).
This factor scale shows a sense of comfort and overall belief versus discomfort and anxiety. They also fit into one of four types of dimensions: guarded-optimistic (also T/F), challenging-obedient (also T/F), cheer-up (also T/F), firm-ambivalent (also J/P) , intrepid-inhibited (Also E/I), leader-follower (Also E/I), and proactive-distractible (also J/P)
Also included is a combination of the so-called "strains" of this. There are also scales for scale-type consistency and consistency of convenience scale. The reliability of 23 of the 27 TDI subscales is greater than 0.50, "an acceptable result given the short subscale" (Saunders, 1989).
In 1989, the scoring system developed only for 20 subscales for four original dichotomies. It was originally known as "Form K" or "Expanded Analysis Report". This tool is now called "MBTI Step II".
Form J or TDI including items (derived from Myers' and McCaulley's previous job) are required to score what is known as "Step III". (The 1998 MBTI Manual reported that the two instruments are one and the same) It was developed in a joint project involving the following organizations: CPP, MBTI family publishers working; CAPT (Psychological Type Application Center), which stores all Myers and McCaulley's original works; and MBTI Trust, led by Katharine and Peter Myers. Step III is advertised as addressing the development of type and use of perception and assessment by respondents.
Translation to other languages ​​
MBTI has been successfully translated and adapted to more than 20 languages, including reviews by key experts who are fluent in the original language, and statistical analysis to check that the questions still measure the same psychological concepts as the original English US questionnaire.
Sila and ethics
This teaching is commonly used in the MBTI ethics administration:
- Type not a character
- Type MBTI for type; it does not show the power of ability. This allows clarity of preference to be confirmed (Bill obviously prefers introversion), but not the power of preference (Jane loves extraversion) or intelligence level (Harry is good at thinking). In this sense, it differs from a properties-based tool like 16PF. The type of preference is the opposite pole: an MBTI rule is that people basically prefer one thing to another, not least of them.
- Have the best ratings
- People are considered the best judges of their own type. While MBTI provides Type Reported, this is considered only an indication of their overall Type of Opportunity. The Best Fit process is typically used to allow respondents to develop their understanding of the four dichotomies, to form their own hypotheses for their overall Type, and to compare them with Reported Types. In more than 20% of cases, the hypothesis and Reported Type differ in one or more dichotomies. By using the clarity of each preference, any potential bias in the report, and often, a comparison of two or more Types can help respondents determine their own Best Matches.
- Nothing is right or wrong
- No preference or total type is considered better or worse than others. They are all 'Different Gifts', as emphasized by the title of Isabel Briggs Myers's book on this.
- Volunteering
- Anyone interesting to take MBTI is considered unethical. It must always be taken voluntarily.
- Confidentiality
- The results of MBTI types reported and Best Fit are confidential between individuals and administrators, and ethically, not to be disclosed without permission.
- Not for selection
- The assessment results should not be used to " label , evaluate, or restrict respondents in any way" (original emphasis). Because all kinds are valuable, and MBTI measures preferences rather than proficiency, MBTI is not regarded as the right instrument for job selection purposes. Many professions contain highly competent individuals of various types with complementary preferences.
- The importance of proper feedback
- People should always be provided with detailed feedback from trained administrators and the opportunity to conduct Fit Best exercises to check Reported Types. This feedback can be provided directly, by phone or electronically.
Type dynamics and development
The interaction of two, three, or four preferences is known as "type dynamics". Although the dynamics of the type have received little or no empirical support to prove its viability as a scientific theory, Myers and Briggs affirm that for each of the 16 four-preference types, one function is the most dominant and possibly the earliest proven in life. Secondary or additional functions usually become more distinct during adolescence and provide balance to the dominant ones. In normal development, the individual tends to become more eloquent with the third, tertiary function during the middle of life, while the fourth, inferior function remains least consciously developed. Inferior function is often thought to be more related to unconsciousness, most obviously in situations such as high stress (sometimes referred to as "in the grip" of inferior functions).
However, the use of type dynamics is debated: in the conclusion of various studies on the subject of type dynamics, James H. Reynierse writes, "Type dynamics has persistent logic problems and is basically based on a series of category errors; it provides, at best, limited accounts and complete on related phenomena of type "; and "type dynamics rely on anecdotal evidence, failing most of the efficacy tests, and not in accordance with empirical facts". His studies gave clear results that the description and workings of the type dynamics did not match the actual behavior of people. He advises to completely get rid of the type dynamics, because it does not help, but hinders the understanding of the personality. The expected sequence of functions 1 to 4 occurs only in one of 540 test results.
The order of differentiation of dominant, auxiliary, and tertiary functions through life is termed developmental type . This is an ideal sequence that may be interrupted by major events in life.
The sequence of functions and dynamic attitudes can be determined in the following ways:
- Lifestyle preferences (J-P) determine whether the assessment preference (T-F) or observation (S-N) is most evident in the outside world; that is, which function has an extra attitude
- Preferences attitudes (E-I) determine whether extravert functions are dominant or additional
- For those with an overall preference for extraversion, the function with extraverted attitudes will be the dominant function. For example, for the ESTJ type the dominant function is the function of judging, thinking, and this is experienced by extravertism. This is denoted as the dominant Te. For ESTP, the dominant function is the function of sensing, sensing, denoted as the dominant Se.
- The help function for extraverts is a secondary preference of the judging or sensing function, and it is experienced with introverted attitudes: for example, the additional functions for ESTJ are introverted (Si) and auxiliary sensations for ESTP are introverted thinking ( Ti).
- For those with a thorough preference for introversy, the function with extravert attitude is help ; dominant is another function in the preference of the four major letters. So the dominant function for ISTJ is introverted sensing (Si) with auxiliary function (support) is extravert thinking (Te).
- The tertiary function is the reverse preferences of the tool. For example, if the Auxiliary thinks Tertiary will feel. The attitude of the tertiary is the subject of some debate and is therefore usually not shown; ie if the addition is Te then the tertiary is F (not Fe or Fi)
- The inferior function is the preference and opposite attitude of the Dominant, so for ESTJ with Te the lower dominant will become Fi.
Note that for extravert, the dominant functions are the most obvious in the external world. For introverts, however, it is the most obvious additional function externally, since their dominant function is related to the interior world.
Some examples of the whole type can clarify this further. Taking the example of ESTJ above:
- Extravert function is a judging function (T-F) because the overall preference J
- Extravert function is dominant because of overall preference E
- The dominant function is extravert thinking (Te)
- Helper function is the preferred sensing function: introverted sensing (Si)
- The tertiary function is the opposite of Auxiliary: intuition (N)
- The inferior function is the opposite of Dominant: introverted (Fi) feeling
Dynamics ESTJ is found in the main combination of extravertous thinking as a dominant function and introverted sensing as their added function: the ESTJ's predominant tendency to regulate their environment, to set clear boundaries, to clarify roles and schedules, and to direct activities around them supported by their facilities to use past experiences in a regular and systematic way to help organize themselves and others. For example, ESTJ can enjoy trip planning for a group of people to achieve a goal or to perform some cultural lifting functions. Because of their ease in directing others and their facilities in managing their own time, they involve all the resources they have to achieve their goals. However, under prolonged pressure or sudden trauma, ESTJ can overuse the extraverted thinking function and fall into the grip of their inferior function, introverted feeling. Although ESTJ may appear insensitive to other people's feelings in their normal activities, under intense pressure, they can suddenly express feelings of disrespect or hurt by insensitivity.
Seeing the opposite four letter type, INFP :
- Extravert function is a sensing function (S-N) because of the preference of P
- The introvert function is dominant because of my preference
- The dominant function is the introvert (Fi) feeling
- Additional functions are extra intuition (Ne)
- The tertiary function is the opposite of Auxiliary: sensing (S)
- The inferior function is the opposite of Dominant: extravert thinking (Te)
The dynamics of INFP lies in the basic correspondence of introverted feelings and extraverted intuition. The dominant tendency of INFP is to build a rich internal framework of values ​​and toward the promotion of human rights. They often devote themselves behind the scenes to cause such civil rights or save the environment. Because they tend to avoid the limelight, postpone decisions, and maintain a protected posture, they are rarely found in the executive-director-type position of the organization that serves the cause. Typically, INFP does not like to be "responsible" things. When not under pressure, INFP exudes a pleasant and sympathetic attitude, but under extreme pressure, they can suddenly become stiff and focused, exerting their excessive thoughts irregularly.
Each type, and vice versa, is an expression of this interaction, which gives each unique type, a recognizable signature .
Cognitive learning style
This test is assessed by evaluating each answer in terms of what it discloses about the taker. Each question is relevant to one of the following cognitive learning styles. Each is not opposite to the poles, but a continuum that gradually.
Extraversion/Introversy
Extraverted types learn best by talking and interacting with others. By interacting with the physical world, extravert can process and understand new information. The introvert type prefers quiet reflection and privacy. Information processing takes place for introverts as they explore ideas and concepts internally.
Sensing/Intuition
The second continuum reflects what people focus on their attention. This type of sensing enjoys a learning environment in which material is presented in detail and in sequence. This type of sensing often takes account of what is happening in the present, and can move on to the abstract once they have built up a concrete experience. The intuitive type prefers a learning atmosphere where emphasis is placed on meaning and association. Insights are valued higher than careful observation, and pattern recognition occurs naturally for intuitive types.
Thinking/Feeling
The third continuum reflects one's decision preferences. The thinking types want objective truth and logical and natural principles of deductive reasoning. This kind of sense puts emphasis on issues and causes that can be personalized when they consider the motives of others.
Assess/Perceive
The fourth continuum reflects how one perceives complexity. This type of assessment will develop when information is organized and structured, and they will be motivated to complete the task to get closure. This type of perception will develop in a flexible learning environment in which they are stimulated by new and exciting ideas. The rating type is like a timely, while the type that understands may be late and/or procrastinate.
Correlations with other instruments
Keirsey temperament
David W. Keirsey charted four "temperaments" for the grouping of existing Myers-Briggs systems: SP, SJ, NF and NT; this often results in the confusion of two theories. However, Keirsey Temperament Sorter is not directly related to the official Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
Big Five
McCrae and Costa based on their Five Factor Model (FFM) on the Big Five Goldberg theory. McCrae and Costa present a correlation between the MBTI scale and the popular Big Five personality construction that is currently popularly measured, for example, by NEO-PI-R. Five recognized personality concepts have been labeled: extraversion, openness, friendliness, thoroughness, and neuroticism (emotional instability), although there is no universal agreement on the Big Five and Five Factor Model (FFM) theories. The following study is based on the results of 267 men who were followed as part of a longitudinal study of aging. (Similar results were obtained with 201 women.)
These results indicate that four MBTI scales can be included in the construction of the Big Five personality trait, but MBTI does not have the size for the emotional stability dimensions of the Big Five (although TDI, discussed above, has already discussed that dimension). Emotional stability (or neuroticism) is a predictor of depression and anxiety disorders. This correlation refers to the second letter shown, that is, the table shows that I and P have negative correlations with extraversion and conscientiousness, respectively, while F and N have positive correlations with friendliness and openness, respectively.
This finding leads McCrae and Costa to conclude that, "correlational analysis shows that the four MBTI index measures the four aspects of the five main dimensions of normal personality.The five-factor model provides an alternative basis for interpreting MBTI findings in a broader, more commonly distributed conceptual framework. "However," there is no support for the view that MBTI actually measures dichotomous preferences or different types qualitatively, instead, a relatively independent four-dimensional measure instrument. "
Personality disorder
One study found personality disorder as described by DSM as a whole to correlate modestly with I, N, T, and P, although associations vary significantly by the disorder. Only two disorders with significant correlations of the four MBTI dimensions are schizotypal (INTP) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (ISTJ).
Criticism
Validity (statistical validity and validity test) of MBTI as a psychometric instrument has been the subject of much criticism.
It is estimated that between one-third and one-half of the material published on MBTI has been produced for special conferences Centers for Psychological Type Applications (which provide training in MBTI, funded by MBTI sales) or as papers in the Journal of Psychological Type (edited and supported by Myers-Briggs supporters and based on sales indicators). It has been argued that this reflects a lack of critical scrutiny. Many studies that support MBTI are methodologically weak or unscientific. A 1996 review by Gardner and Martinko concludes: "It is clear that attempts to detect a simple relationship between type preferences and managerial effectiveness have been disappointing, and given the varying quality of research and inconsistent findings, no conclusive conclusions about this relationship can be drawn. "
Psychometric expert Robert Hogan writes: "Most personality psychologists consider MBTI just a bit more than a Chinese lucky cook..."
No evidence for dichotomy
As explained in section Four dichotomies, Isabel Myers considers the direction of preference (eg, E vs. I) to be more important than the preference level. Statistically, this means that scores on each MBTI scale will show a bimodal distribution with most people who print near the end of the scale, so divide people into good, for example, extroverted or introverted psychological types. However, most studies have found that scores on individual scales are actually distributed centrally, similar to normal distributions, suggesting that the majority of people actually are at the center of the scale and thus are not clearly introverted or extroverted. Most personality traits do show normal distribution scores from low to high, with about 15% of people on the lower end, about 15% at the top and most people in the middle range. But in order for MBTI to be printed, a cut-off line is used in the middle of each scale and all scores below the line are classified as low type and scores above the line are given with the opposite type. Thus, psychometric assessment research fails to support the type concept, but rather shows that most people are near the center of the continuous curve. "Although we did not conclude that the absence of bimodality certainly proves that assumptions based on MBTI theory of invalid personality 'types' of personality, the absence of empirical bimodality in IRT-based research MBTI scores did eliminate the potential of stronger evidence lines previously available for" type "supporters to cite in defense of their position. "
Validity and utilities
The content of the MBTI scale is problematic. In 1991, the National Academy of Sciences committee reviewed data from MBTI research and concluded that only high-correlated I-E scales with comparable scales of other instruments and low correlations with instruments designed to assess different concepts, indicate strong validity. In contrast, the S-N and T-F scales show relatively weak validity. The review committee in 1991 concluded at the time there was "insufficient, well-designed research to justify the use of MBTI in career counseling programs". This study is based on the measurement of the validity of "validity-related criteria (ie, does MBTI predict specific outcomes related to interpersonal relations or career success/job performance?)." There is not enough evidence to make claims about utilities, especially of the four types of letters derived from a person's response to an MBTI item.
Lack of objectivity
MBTI's accuracy depends on honest self-reporting. Unlike some personality questionnaires, such as the 16PF Questionnaire, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or the Personality Assessment Inventory, MBTI does not use the scale of validity to assess exaggerated or socially desirable responses. Consequently, individuals who are motivated to do so can falsify their responses, and one study found that the dimensions of MBTI assessment/perception correlated poorly with the scale of the Eysenck Personality lies. If respondents "are afraid they may lose something, they may answer because they think they should be ." However, the MBTI ethics guidelines state, "It is unethical and in many cases illegal to ask job applicants to take the Indicator if the results will be used to screen applicants." The purpose of MBTI is to provide a "framework for understanding individual differences, and... the dynamic model of individual development".
Terminology
The terminology MBTI has been criticized as very "unclear and general", allowing any kind of behavior to suit any personality type, which can produce the Forer effect, where people rank high for positive descriptions that purportedly apply to them. Others argue that while MBTI type descriptions are short, they are also distinctive and precise. Some theorists, such as David Keirsey, have expanded the MBTI description, providing greater detail. For example, Keirsey's description of his four temperaments, which he relates to sixteen MBTI personality types, shows how temperaments differ in terms of language use, intellectual orientation, educational and vocational interests, social orientation, self-image, personal values, social roles, and typical hand movements.
Factor analysis
Researchers have reported that the scale of JP and SN are related to each other. A factor-analytic study based on (N = 1291) college-aged students found six different factors, not the recognized four dimensions, thus raising doubts about the validity of the MBTI construct.
Correction
According to Hans Eysenck: "The main dimension in MBTI is called IE, or extroversy, this is largely social scale, relates well enough to the scale of MMPI (negative) social introversion and External (positive) Extraversion scales. neuroticism, which is correlated with the introverted end, so introversion correlates roughly (ie, average values ​​for men and women) -44 with dominance, -23 with aggression,.37 with abactions, 46 with counseling readiness, -52 with confidence , -.36 with personal adjustment, and -.45 with empathy.The scale failure to describe introversion and neuroticism (no scale for neurotic and other psychopathological attributes in MBTI) is the worst feature, only matched by failure to use factor analysis to test item settings on a scale. "
Reliability
The reliability of the repeat tests of the MBTI tends to be low. A large number of people (between 39% and 76% of respondents) obtained a different classification of the type when retrieving the indicator after just five weeks. In Fortune Magazine (May 15, 2013), the article entitled "Have we all been tricked by the Myers-Briggs Test" states:
At each dichotomy scale, as measured in Form G, approximately 83% categorization remains the same when people are retested in nine months and about 75% when retested after nine months. Approximately 50% of people who manage MBTI in nine months remain the same overall type and 36% of the same type after more than nine months. For Form M (current form of the MBTI instrument), MBTI Manual reports that this score is higher (p.136, Table 8.6).
In one study, when people were asked to compare the types they liked with those determined by the MBTI assessment, only half of the people chose the same profile.
It has been argued that criticism of MBTI largely comes down to the question of the validity of its origins, not the question of the validity of the usefulness of MBTI. Others argue that MBTI can be a reliable measure of personality; incidentally that "like all sizes, MBTI generates scores that depend on sample characteristics and test conditions".
Utilities
Isabel Myers claims that the proportions of different personality types vary by career choice or course. However, investigators who examined the proportions of each type in various professions reported that the proportion of MBTI types in each job was close to that in a random sample population. Some researchers have expressed reservations about the relevance of the type to job satisfaction, as well as concerns about the potential misuse of the instrument in labeling people.
CPP became MBTI's exclusive publisher in 1975. They called it "the most widely used personality assessment in the world", with as many as two million assessments being awarded annually. CPP and other supporters state that the indicators meet or exceed the reliability of other psychological instruments and cite reports of individual behavior.
Although support for meta-analysis claims for validity and reliability, studies show that MBTI "has no convincing validity data" and that is pseudoscience.
MBTI has poor predictive validity of employee job performance ratings. As noted above by Precepts and ethics, MBTI measures preference, not ability. The use of MBTI as a predictor of successful work is strictly prohibited in the Manual . It is said that MBTI continues to be popular because many people lack psychometric sophistication, it is not difficult to understand, and there are many supporting books, websites and other resources available to the general public.
See also
Note
References and further reading
External links
- Myers & amp; Briggs Foundation
- Profile Personality Type 16
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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