The prime symbol, double prime symbol ( ? /span>), triple prime symbols quadruple prime ( ? ) etc., is used to designate units and for other purposes in mathematics, science, linguistics and music.
Although similar in appearance, the main symbol should not be confused with quotes (span> ), single quotes ( ' ), acute accents ( Ã,Â' ), or grave accent ( ` ); double main symbol (span> "..." or "..." ), the desired sign ( " ), or double apostrophe ( ).The main symbol is very similar to the Hebrew geresh, but in Geresh's modern font is designed to be aligned with the letters Hebrew and main symbols are not, so they are not interchangeable. All these similar symbols have different meanings, and their character codes are treated differently by the letters and font rendering software.
Video Prime (symbol)
Penentuan unit
The main symbol ( ? ) is usually used to represent legs (ft), arcminutes (am), and minutes (minutes). However, for convenience, a ( ' ) (single quotes) is usually used.
The double prime ( ? ) represents inch (in), arcseconds (as), and second (s). However, for convenience, a ( " ) (double quotes) is usually used.
So, 3? 5? can mean 3 feet and 5 inches (long) or 3 minutes and 5 seconds (time). As a corner size, 3 Â ° 5? 30? means 3 degrees, 5 minutes arc and 30 arcseconds.
The triple prime ( ? ) in the clock creation represents the ligne. It is also sometimes found in historical astronomical works to show thirds ( 1 / 60 of the second arc).
Similarly, quadruple prime ( ? ) denotes the fourth ( 1 / 60 from the third, the convention already used by Jamsh? d al-K? sh?).
Maps Prime (symbol)
Usage in math, statistics, and science
In math, prime is generally used to generate more variable names for similar things, without using a subscript - x ? generally means something related to or derived from x . For example, if a point is represented by the Cartesian coordinates ( x , y ) , the point is rotated, translated or reflected may be represented as ( x ?, y ?) . The main symbols are not associated with prime numbers.
Usually, the meaning of x ? is defined when it is first used, but sometimes its meaning is assumed to be understood:
- Derivative or different functions: f ? ( x ) and f ? ( x ) is the first and second derivative of f ( x ) with respect to x . Likewise f ? ( x ) and f ? ( x ). Similarly, if y = f ( x ) then y ? and y ? is the first and second derivative of y with respect to x . (Other notices exist)
- Set complement: A ? is a complement to the set of A . (Other notices exist)
- Denial of an event in probability theory: Pr ( A ?) = 1 - Pr (A ). (Other notices exist)
- The result of the transformation: Tx = x ?
- Transaction matrix.
Prime is said to "decorate" the applicable letter. The same convention was adopted in functional programming, particularly in Haskell.
In physics, prime is used to show variables after an event. For example, v A ? will show the speed of object A after an event. It is also often used in relativity: Events in (x, y, z, t) in the frame S have coordinates (x?, Y?, Z?, T?) In the frame S ?
In chemistry, it is used to distinguish between different functional groups connected to atoms in molecules, such as R and R ?, representing different alkyl groups in organic compounds. Carbonyl carbon in protein is denoted as C, which distinguishes it from other backbone carbon, alpha carbon, which is denoted as C ? .
In molecular biology, prime is used to denote the carbon position of deoxyribose or ribose rings. Prime differentiates places on these two chemicals, rather than places in other parts of DNA or RNA, such as phosphate or nucleic acids. So, when pointing the direction of movement of an enzyme along a DNA string, a biologist would say that it moves from 5? ending to 3? end, because this carbon is at the end of the DNA molecule. This chemical reaction demands that 3 prime OH is extended by DNA synthesis. Prime can also be used to indicate which position is attached to a molecule, such as 5? -monophosphate.
Use in linguistics
Prime can be used in transliteration of several languages, such as Slavic languages, to show palatalization. Prime and double prime are used to transcribe Cyrillic yeri (soft mark,?) And yer (loud sign ,?).
Initially, the X-bar theory used the bar above the syntactic unit to show bar-level in the syntactic structure, generally given as an overbar. Although easy to write, bar notation proved difficult to type, leading to the adoption of the main symbol to denote a bar. (Regardless of the lack of bars, this unit will still be read as "X bar", as opposed to "X prime".) With the development of contemporary letters like LaTeX, the letter forming bar is much simpler; Nevertheless, the main markup and bar are accepted usage.
Some X-bar notation uses double-prime (stand for double-bar) to indicate phrasal level, shown in most notation by "XP".
Use in Rubik Cube notation
In Rubik's Cube, moving notation, Prime is used to reverse the movement or move the sequence (for example, L means "to turn left face 90 degrees clockwise", while L? means " turn left face 90 degrees counter-clockwise ").
Use music
The main symbol is used in combination with lower case letters in the Helmholtz tone notation system to distinguish notes in different octaves from center C upwards. So c represents C below middle C, c? represents the middle C, c? represent C in octave above middle C, and c? C in the octave of two octaves above the middle C. The combination of uppercase and sub-prime symbols is used to represent the tone in the lower octave. So C represents C under stave bass, while C? representing C in the octave below that.
In some music scores, a double prime (?) Is used to indicate the length of time in seconds. It is used above a fermata that shows long notes or breaks.
History
The "main" name is something of a metonym. Through the early part of the 20th century, the notation x ? is read as "x prime" not because it is x followed by "main symbol", but because it is the first in series followed by x ? ("x seconds") and x ? ("x third"). Only later, in the 1950s and 1960s, that the term "prime" began to be applied to the apostropic-like symbol itself. Although it is now more common to say x ? and x ? as "x double prime" and "x triple prime", this is still sometimes pronounced the old way as "x seconds" and "x third".
Representation
Unicode and HTML representations of the main and related symbols are as follows.
The characters "prime letter modif" and "double prime modifier" are intended for linguistic purposes, such as indications of stress or transliteration of certain Cyrillic characters.
When the character set used does not include prime or double characters (eg, ISO 8859-1 is generally assumed on IRC), both are often approached by normal and tilt apostrophes and quotes.
LaTeX menyediakan simbol prima besar, \ prime ( ), yang ketika digunakan dalam skrip super atau sub-skrip, dirender dengan tepat; misalnya, f_ \ prime ^ \ prime muncul sebagai . Sebuah apostrof, ', adalah jalan pintas untuk superscript prima; misal, f ' muncul sebagai .
Lihat juga
- Aturan mesin ketik
Referensi
Tautan eksternal
- Unicode Punctuation grafik kode umum
- Unicode Spacing Modifier Letters code chart
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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