Quality of life ( QOL ) is the general well-being of individuals and communities, outlining life's positive and negative features. It examines the satisfaction of life, including everything from physical health, family, education, employment, wealth, safety, security, freedom, religious beliefs, finances and the environment. QOL has various contexts, including areas of international development, health, politics, and employment. It is important not to mix the QOL concept with the ever-increasing QOL (HRQOL) health area. The HRQOL assessment is effectively an evaluation of the quality of life and its relationship to health.
Quality of life should not be confused with the concept of standard of living, which is primarily based on income.
Video Quality of life
Overview
Quality indicators of quality of life include not only wealth and work but also the built environment, physical and mental health, education, leisure and leisure, and social ownership. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), quality of life is defined as "the individual's perception of their position in life in the cultural context and the value system in which they live and in relation to their goals." Compared to the WHO definition, Wang-Baker Faces scale defines quality of life as "quality of life (in this case, physical pain) at just the right time."
According to ecologist Robert Costanza:
While Quality of Life (QOL) has long been an explicit or implicit policy objective, adequate definitions and measurements have been difficult to understand. Various "objective" and "subjective" indicators in various disciplines and scales, and recent research on subjective welfare surveys (SWBs) and happiness psychology have given rise to new interests.
One approach, called the involved theory, outlined in the journal Applied Research in the Quality of Life, presupposes four domains in assessing the quality of life: ecology, economics, politics, and culture. In cultural domains, for example, include the following subdomains of quality of life:
- Trust and ideas
- Creativity and recreation
- Submit and learn
- Gender and generation
- Identity and engagement
- Memory and projection
- Wellbeing and health
Also often associated are concepts such as freedom, human rights, and happiness. However, since happiness is subjective and difficult to measure, other measures are generally given priority. It has also been shown that happiness, as much as can be measured, does not always increase according to the comfort resulting from increased income. As a result, living standards should not be considered a measure of happiness. Also sometimes considered to be related is the concept of human security, although the latter can be considered at a more fundamental level and for everyone.
Maps Quality of life
Quantitative measurements
Unlike per capita
GDP or living standards, both of which can be financially measured, are more difficult to make long-term or objective measures of the quality of life experienced by countries or groups of others. Researchers have begun in recent times to distinguish two aspects of personal well-being: Emotional wellbeing, where respondents are asked about the quality of their daily emotional experiences - the frequency and intensity of their experiences from, for example, excitement, stress, sadness, anger, and affection-- and the life evaluation , in which respondents are asked to think about their lives in general and evaluate them on a scale. These and other measurement systems and scales have been used for some time. Research has sought to examine the relationship between quality of life and productivity. There are many different methods to measure the quality of life in terms of health care, wealth, and materialistic goods. However, it is much more difficult to measure a meaningful expression of one's desires. One way to do this is to evaluate the scope for how individuals have fulfilled their own ideals. Quality of life can mean happiness, a subjective state of mind. By using that mentality, developing citizens are more appreciative because they are satisfied with the basic needs of health care, education and child protection.
Human Development Index
Perhaps the most commonly used measure of international development is the Human Development Index (HDI), which combines life expectancy, education, and living standards, in an effort to gauge the choices available to individuals in a given society. HDI is used by the United Nations Development Program in their Human Development Report.
World Happiness Report
The World Happiness Report is an important survey of the state of global happiness. It ranks 156 countries with their level of happiness, reflecting the growing global interest in using happiness and substantial welfare as an indicator of the quality of human development. Its growing goal has enabled governments, communities and organizations to use the right data to record happiness to enable policies to provide a better life. The report looks at the state of happiness in the world today and shows how the science of happiness explains personal and national variations in happiness. Also developed by the United Nations and published recently with HDI, this report combines objective and subjective measures to rank countries on the basis of happiness, which is regarded as the end result of a high quality of life. It uses surveys from Gallup, real GDP per capita, healthy life expectancy, has someone to rely on, freedom felt to make a life choice, freedom from corruption, and generosity to get a final score. Happiness has been recognized as an important concept in global public policy. The World Happiness Report shows that some regions in recent years experienced progressive inequality of happiness. Without life, there is no happiness to be realized.
More size
The Physical Life Quality Index (PQLI) is a measure developed by sociologist Morris David Morris in the 1970s, based on basic literacy, infant mortality, and life expectancy. Though not as complicated as other measures, and now essentially replaced by the Human Development Index, PQLI is critical to Morris's efforts to show "less fatalistic pessimistic images" focusing on three areas in which the global quality of life generally improves at the time. and ignore gross national product and other indicators that may not improve.
The Happy Planet Index, introduced in 2006, is unique among the quality measures of life within it, in addition to the determinants of welfare standards, it uses the ecological footprint of each country as an indicator. As a result, European and North American countries do not dominate this measure. The 2012 list ends by Costa Rica, Vietnam and Colombia.
Gallup researchers who are trying to find the happiest countries in the world find Denmark at the top of the list. uSwitch publishes an annual quality life index for European countries. France topped the list for the last three years.
A 2010 study by two Princeton University professors looked at 1,000 US residents who were randomly selected over a long period. This concludes that they are
Gross national happiness and other subjective measures of happiness are being used by the Bhutanese and British governments. The World Happiness Report, published by Columbia University is a meta-analysis of global happiness and provides an overview of grass-roots states and activists using GNH. The OECD issued guidelines for the use of subjective welfare metrics by 2013. In the US, cities and communities use GNH metrics at the grassroots level.
The Social Progress Index measures the extent to which countries provide for the social and environmental needs of their citizens. Fifty-two indicators in basic human needs, welfare foundations, and opportunities show the relative performance of countries. This index uses the result size when sufficient data is available or a possible proxy is nearby.
The Daily Reconstruction Method is another way to measure happiness, where researchers ask their subjects to remember the things they did the previous day and describe their moods during each activity. Being simple and approachable, this method requires memory and experimentation has confirmed that the answers people provide are similar to those who repeatedly remember each subject. This method eventually declines because it calls for more wise efforts and responses, which often include interpretations and results that do not occur in people who are required to record every action in their daily lives.
Like
The term quality of life is also used by politicians and economists to measure the viability of a particular city or country. Two knowable measures of livability are the Mana-to-be-born Economist Intelligence Unit Index and Mercer's Quality of Living Reports. Both measures measure the survival rates of countries and cities around the world, respectively, through a combination of subjective life satisfaction surveys and objective quality of life determinants such as divorce, security, and infrastructure levels. Such measures relate more extensively to the population of a city, state, or country, not to the quality of life of an individual. Decent living has a long history and tradition in urban design, and environmental design standards such as LEED-ND are often used in an attempt to influence livability.
Crime
Some crimes against property (eg, graffiti and vandalism) and some "crime without a victim" have been referred to as "quality of life crimes." American sociologist James Q. Wilson summarizes this argument as the Broken Window Theory, which asserts that relatively small issues are left unattended (such as garbage, graffiti, or public urination by homeless people) sending subliminal messages that disorder in general is being tolerated, and as a result, a more serious crime will end in a commitment (the analogy is that damaged windows that are left damaged show a general dilapidation image).
Wilson's theories have been used to justify the adoption of a zero-tolerance policy by many prominent American mayors, notably Oscar Goodman in Las Vegas, Richard Riordan in Los Angeles, Rudolph Giuliani in New York City and Gavin Newsom in San Francisco. Such policies refuse to tolerate even minor crimes; supporters argue that this will improve the quality of life of the local population. However, critics of the zero-tolerance policy believe that the policy ignores investigations on a case-by-case basis and can lead to unreasonable severe penalties for crime.
Popsicle Index
The Popsicle Index is the quality of life measurement created by Catherine Austin Fitts as a percentage of people - in communities who believe that a child in their community can leave their home safely, walk to the nearest possible location. to buy popsicles, and walk home.
In health care
In the field of health care, quality of life is often considered in terms of how certain illnesses affect patients at an individual level. This may be a debilitating weakness that is not life-threatening; life-threatening illness that is not terminal; terminal illness; a predictable natural decline in an elder's health; unexpected mental/physical decline of loved ones; or chronic, end-stage disease process. Researchers at the University of Toronto Quality Life Research Unit define quality of life as "The level at which one enjoys the important possibilities of life" (UofT). The Quality of Their Life Model is based on the categories of "being", "belonging", and "being"; each of whom, how one is not connected to one's environment, and whether one achieves one's personal goals, hopes, and aspirations. The sample study experience shows a substantial inter-person diversity in in-person associations between somatic symptoms and quality of life. Hecht and Shiel measure quality of life as "the ability of patients to enjoy normal life activity" because quality of life is closely related to wellbeing without suffering illness and care. There are several assessments available that measure Health-related Quality of Life, for example, AQoL-8D, EQ5D - Euroqol, 15D, SF-36, SF-6D, HUI.
In international development
Quality of life is an important concept in the field of international development as it allows development to be analyzed on a broader measure than the standard of living. However, in development theory, there are various ideas about what constitutes a desired change for a particular society, and the different ways that quality of life is determined by the agency so as to shape how these organizations work for their overall improvement.
Organizations such as the World Bank, for example, state the goal of "working for a world free of poverty", with poverty defined as a lack of basic human needs, such as food, water, shelter, freedom, access to education, health, or employment. In other words, poverty is defined as a low quality of life. Using this definition, the World Bank is working to improve the quality of life through the stated goals of reducing poverty and helping people achieve a better quality of life.
Other organizations, however, may also work towards improving the quality of global living using slightly different definitions and substantially different methods. Many NGOs have no focus at all to reduce poverty on a national or international scale, but rather seek to improve the quality of life of individuals or communities. One example is the sponsorship program that provides material assistance for a particular individual. Although many organizations of this type may still talk about fighting poverty, the methods differ significantly.
Improving the quality of life involves actions not only by NGOs but also by governments. Global health has the potential to achieve a greater political presence if the government has to incorporate aspects of human security into foreign policy. Emphasizing the individual's basic rights to health, food, shelter, and freedom to deal with cross-cutting issues that have a negative impact on society today and can lead to greater action and resources. The integration of global health problems into foreign policy may be hampered by an approach established by a comprehensive defense and diplomacy role.
See also
- Circle of Sustainability
- Happiness
- Eudaimonia
- Nutritious
- Subjective health
- Simple life
- Human security
- Welfare
- The Canadian Welfare Index
- Positive psychology
Index
Journal
- Social Indicator Research
- Business Ethics Journal
References
Further reading
- Eric Ezechieli, "Beyond Sustainable Development: Education for Gross National Happiness in Bhutan"
External links
- Lesson related to Essentials on Wikiversity
- Indicator of the Quality of Life of the Ethical Market
- The First European Life Quality Survey 2003
- Quality of Life in a Changing Europe, A research project on the quality of life and work of Europeans
- Ensuring quality of life in European cities and cities
- AQoL Instrument, Life Quality Assessment Instrument - Health Economics Center, Monash University Australia
- Quality-of-Life-Recorder (Shareware/Freeware) - An electronic questionnaire platform for MS Windows and Java with pre-configured adoption of important Quality-of-Life instruments (including SF-36, EORTC QLQ-C30 ) in multiple languages ​​
- Applied Research in the Quality of Life, the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Quality of Life
- Child Indicators Research, the official journal of the International Society for Child Indicators
- Quality of Life Research, an international journal on quality of life aspects of care, care and rehabilitation - the official journal of the International Society of Quality of Life Research
- After 2015: '3D Humanity Man', a policy brief on value refocused development on 3D human welfare for pro-poor policy change, from the Institute of Development Studies, UK.
- Mercer Life Quality Survey
- World Fundamentals: Quality of Life Worldwide
- Family database, OECD
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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