Social exclusion , or social marginalization , is a social and degradation loss for the community. This is a term widely used in Europe and was first used in France. It is used across disciplines including education, sociology, psychology, politics and economics.
Social exclusion is the process by which individuals or persons are systematically blocked from (or denied full access) the rights, opportunities, and resources normally available to members of different groups, and which are essential for social integration and human rights compliance. in certain groups (eg, housing, employment, health, civic engagement, democratic participation, and legal process).
The alienation or deprivation of rights as a result of social exclusion may be attributed to one's social class, race, color, religious affiliation, ethnic origin, educational status, childhood relations, standard of living, or appearance. Such forms of exclusion discrimination may also apply to persons with disabilities, minorities, LGBTQ people, drug users, persons who leave institutional care, parents and young people. Anyone who seems to deviate in any way from the perceived norms of a population can be the subject of rude or subtle forms of social exclusion.
The result of social exclusion is that affected individuals or communities are forbidden to participate fully in the economic, social, and political life of the communities in which they live. This can lead to resistance in the form of demonstrations, protests, or lobbying of isolated people.
Video Social exclusion
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Most of the characteristics listed in this article come together in the study of social exclusion, due to the multidimensionality of exceptions.
Other ways to articulate the definition of social exclusion are as follows:
Social exclusion is a multidimensional process of progressive social divide, separating groups and individuals from social and institutional relations and preventing them from full participation in normative, normatively defined activities of the communities in which they live.
In an alternative conceptualization, social exclusion arose theoretically on an individual or group level in four correlated dimensions: inadequate access to social rights, material deprivation, limited social participation and lack of normative integration. It is then considered a combined result of personal risk factors (age, sex, race); macro-societal changes (demographic, economic and labor market development, technological innovation, social norm evolution); government regulations and social policies; and the actual behavior of businesses, administrative organizations and fellow citizens.
Maps Social exclusion
Individual exceptions
"Marginal man... is someone whose fate has been condemned to live in two societies and in two, not just different cultures but antagonists.... his mind is a container in which two distinct cultures and refractories can be said to melt and, either entirely or partially, fuse. "
Social exclusion at the individual level results in the exclusion of individuals from meaningful participation in society. An example is the single mother exclusion of the welfare system prior to the welfare reform of the 1900s. The modern welfare system is based on the concept of rights on the basis of means of being a productive member of society both as an organic function of society and as compensation for socially beneficial work. A mother's contribution to society is not based on formal employment, but on the assumption that the provision of welfare for children is a necessary social expenditure. In some career contexts, degrading and maternal care work is seen as a barrier to work. Single mothers were previously marginalized regardless of their significant role in the socialization of children because of the view that an individual can only make a meaningful contribution to society through "profitable" work and cultural bias towards unmarried mothers. Today marginalization is primarily a function of class conditions.
More broadly, many women face social exclusion. Moosa-Mitha discusses Western feminist movements as a direct reaction to the marginalization of white women in society. Women are excluded from the workforce and their work at home is not appreciated. Feminists argue that men and women should both participate in the workforce, in the public and private sectors, and at home. They also focus on employment laws to improve access to employment and to recognize child care as a valuable form of work. In some places today, women are still marginalized from executive positions and continue to earn less than men in top management positions.
Another example of individual marginalization is the exclusion of individuals with disabilities from the workforce. Grandz discusses the entrepreneurs' point of view of hiring individuals living with disabilities as jeopardizing productivity, increasing absenteeism, and creating more accidents in the workplace. The singer also discussed the entrepreneurs' concerns about the exorbitant costs to accommodate the disabled. The marginalization of individuals with disabilities is prevalent today, although the law is meant to prevent it in most western countries, and the academic achievements, skills and training of many disabled people.
There are also exceptions from lesbian-gay-bisexual-transgender (LGBT) and other intersexual people due to their sexual orientation and gender identity. The Yogyakarta Principle requires states and communities to abolish the stereotypes about LGBT people and stereotyped gender roles.
"Isolation is common to virtually every vocational, religious or cultural group of a large city, each developing its sentiments, attitudes, codes, and even its own words, which are only partially understood by others."
Community exclusion
Many communities experience social exclusion, such as racial (eg, Black) (eg, Untouchables or Low Castes or Dalits at the Indian Caste System) and economic communities (eg, Romani).
One example is the Aboriginal community in Australia. The marginalization of the Aboriginal community is a product of colonization. As a result of colonialism, Aboriginal communities lost their land, were forced into the poor, lost their livelihoods, and were excluded from the labor market. In addition, Aboriginal communities lost their culture and values ​​through forced assimilation and the loss of their rights in society. Today Aboriginal communities continue to be marginalized from society because of the development of practices, policies and programs that "meet the needs of whites and not the needs of the marginalized groups themselves". Yee also connects marginalization with minority communities, while describing the whiteness concept as maintaining and enforcing dominant norms and discourses. Poor people living on damaged council plantations and areas with high crime can be locked in social deprivation.
Other contributors
Social exclusions have many contributors. Top contributors include race, income, employment status, social class, geographic location, customs and personal appearance, education, religion and political affiliation.
Global and structural
Globalization (global-capitalism), immigration, social welfare and policy are broader social structures that have the potential to contribute negatively to one's access to resources and services, resulting in the social exclusion of individuals and groups. Similarly, increased use of information technology and outsourcing companies has contributed to job insecurity and the widening gap between the rich and the poor. Alphonse, George & amp; Moffat (2007) discusses how globalization decreases the role of the state by increasing support from various "corporate sectors resulting in inequality, injustice and marginalization of vulnerable groups" (page 1). Outsourcing companies, jobs lost, living costs continue to rise, and land is being taken over by large corporations. Material goods are made in large quantities and sold at a cheaper cost, while in India for example, the poverty line is lowered to cover the number of individuals who actually live in poverty as a result of globalization. Globalization and structural forces exacerbate poverty and continue to push individuals to the margins of society, while governments and large enterprises do not solve problems (George, P, SK8101, lectures, October 9, 2007).
Certain languages ​​and meanings inherent in the language can lead to discourses of universalization influenced by the Western world, described by Sewpaul (2006) as "the potential to dilute or even destroy local cultures and traditions and deny context-specific realities" (p. What Sewpaul (2006) inserted is that the dominant influence of global discourse can lead to the movement of individuals and cultures, as well as "de-localization" experiences, as threatened individual threats and security (p.422). Insecurity and fear of an unknown future and instability can lead to displacement, isolation, and coercion of assimilation into dominant groups. For many, it is increasingly pushing them to the margins of society or inviting new members to the periphery because of global capitalism and dominant discourse (Sewpaul, 2006).
In the prevailing sense of globalization, we now see the emergence of immigration as the world grows smaller and smaller with millions of individuals shifting each year. It is not without difficulty and struggle what newcomers regard as new life with new opportunities. Ferguson, Lavalette & amp; Whitmore (2005) discusses how immigration has a strong relationship to access a welfare support program. Newcomers are constantly bombarded with an inability to access the resources of a country because they are seen as "unfit foreigners" (p. 132). With this comes the denial of access to public housing, health benefits, employment support services, and social security benefits (Ferguson et al., 2005). Newcomers are deemed inadequate, or that they must prove their right to gain access to basic support needs. It is clear that individuals are exploited and marginalized in the countries they have emigrated (Ferguson et al., 2005).
Welfare states and social policies can also exclude individuals from basic needs and support programs. Welfare payments are proposed to assist individuals in accessing a small amount of material wealth (Young, 2000). Young (2000) goes on to discuss how "the provision of welfare itself produces new injustices by depriving those who depend on the rights and freedoms of others... marginalization is unjust because it impedes the opportunity to carry out capacity in a socially determined and recognized way. "(p. 41). It is assumed that by providing minimal welfare support, an individual will be free from marginalization. In fact, welfare support programs further lead to injustice by limiting certain behaviors, as well as individuals mandated to other institutions. Individuals are forced into the new rules system while facing the social stereotype and stereotype of the dominant group in society, increasingly marginalizing and excluding individuals (Young, 2000). Thus, social policies and welfare provisions reflect the dominant notion in society by building and strengthening the categories of people and their needs. It ignores the unique-subjective human essence, furthering the cycle of domination (Wilson & Beresford, 2000).
Unemployment
While recognizing multi-dimensional exceptions, policy work undertaken at the EU level focuses on unemployment as the main cause, or at least correlated with, social exclusion. This is because in modern society, paid work is not only the main source of income that can be used to buy services, but also the source of individual identity and feelings. Social networks and a sense of centering most people in society also revolve around their work. Many of the extreme social exclusion indicators, such as poverty and homelessness, depend on monetary income that usually comes from work. Social exclusion can be a possible outcome of long-term unemployment, especially in countries with weak welfare safety nets. Many policies to reduce exclusions focus on the labor market:
- On the one hand, to make individuals at risk of being ostracized more attractive to the company, which is more "workable".
- On the other hand, to encourage (and/or require) entrepreneurs to be more inclusive in their employment policies.
EQUAL Community Initiatives The EU is investigating ways to improve the inclusiveness of the labor market. Working on social exclusion is broader through the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) among Member States governments.
Religion
Some religious traditions recommend the excommunication of people who are said to deviate from religious teachings, and in some cases avoid family members. Some religious organizations allow criticisms of criticism.
Across society, individuals and communities can be socially excluded based on their religious beliefs. Social feuds against religious minorities and communal violence occur in areas where the government has no policy restricting minority religious practices. A study by the Pew Research Center on international religious freedom found that 61% of countries have social hostility that tends to target religious minorities. The five highest social hatred scores are for Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Iraq, and Bangladesh. In 2015, Pew publishes that social animosity declined in 2013, but Abuse of Jews increased.
Links between exceptions and other issues
The problem of social exclusion is usually related to equal opportunity, as some people are more subject to exceptions than others. The marginalization of a particular group is a problem even in many economically more developed countries, including Britain and the United States, where the majority of the population enjoys considerable economic and social opportunities.
In recent years, there have been studies that focus on the possible relationship between exclusion and brain function. Studies published by the University of Georgia and San Diego State University found that exceptions can lead to reduced brain function and poor decision making. Such studies reinforce the beliefs of earlier sociologists. The effects of exceptions may be correlated with things like substance abuse and crime.
Social inclusion
Social inclusion, as opposed to social exclusion, is an affirmative action to change circumstances and habits that lead to (or cause) social exclusion. The World Bank defines social inclusion as a process of enhancing people's capacities, opportunities, and dignity, harmed on the basis of their identity, to take part in society.
The Minister of Social Inclusion has been appointed, and a special unit is established, in a number of jurisdictions around the world. The first Minister for Social Inclusion was Prime Minister of South Australia Mike Rann, who took portfolio in 2004. Based on the UK Social Exclusion Unit, founded by Prime Minister Tony Blair in 1997, Rann founded the Social Inclusion Initiative in 2002. by Monsignor David Cappo and served by a unit within the Premier and Cabinet departments. Cappo sits on the Executive Committee of the South Australian Cabinet and is later appointed as Commissioner of Social Inclusion with a vast power to overcome social losses. Cappo is allowed to roam the various agencies considering that most social losses have many causes that require "to join" rather than as single agent responses. The initiative encourages large investments by the South Australian Government in its strategy to combat homelessness, including establishing the Common Ground, building high quality in-city urban apartments for "homeless sleep", the Street to Home initiative and the flexible ICAN learning program designed to increase school retention rates. It also includes major funding to transform mental health services following Cappo's "Stepping Up" report, which focuses on community needs and the level of intermediate care and disability service improvements. In 2007 Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd appointed Julia Gillard as the nation's first Minister of Social Inclusion.
Consequences
Health
In gay men, the psycho-emotional damage results from the marginalization of heteronormative society, suicide, and drug addiction.
Scientists have studied the impact of racism on health. Amani Nuru-Jeter, a social epidemiologist at the University of California, Berkeley and other physicians has hypothesized that chronic stress exposure may be one way racism contributes to the health disparity between racial groups. Arline Geronimus, a research professor at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research and a professor at the School of Public Health, and colleagues found that psychosocials associated with living in extreme poverty can lead to the onset of age-related diseases. The 2015 study, titled, "Ras-Ethnicity, Poverty, Urban Stress, and Telomere Length in a Community-Based Sampling in Detroit" was undertaken to determine the impact of living conditions on health and was undertaken by a multi-university team of social scientists, cell biologists and community partners, including the Healthy Environment Partnership (HEP) to measure the length of poor and middle-income telomeres from the White, African-American and Mexican races.
In philosophy
The marginal, the marginalization process, etc. Bringing a special interest in postmodern and postcolonial philosophy and social studies. Postmodernism questions the "center" of the authenticity and sociology and culture of postmodern research in marginal cultural research, behavior, society, the situation of marginalized individuals, etc.
After defining and describing the marginalization and the degree to which it exists, one must explore its implications for social work practice. Mullaly (2007) explains how "personal is politics" and the need to recognize that social problems are indeed linked to larger structures in society, causing various forms of oppression among individuals that result in marginalization (page 262). It is also important for social workers to recognize the nature of suppression that intersects. Non-judgmental and impartial attitudes are required by social workers. Workers must begin to understand oppression and marginalization as systemic problems, not individual errors (Mullaly, 2007).
Working under Anti-oppressive perspectives will then enable social workers to understand the subjective and living experiences of individuals, as well as their cultural, historical and social backgrounds. Workers must recognize individuals as politics in the process of becoming valuable members of society and structural factors that contribute to oppression and marginalization (Mullaly, 2007). Social workers must take a firm stance in naming and labeling global forces that impact individuals and communities that are then left without support, leading to further marginalization or marginalization of the communities they once knew (George, P, SK8101, lecture, October 9 2007).
Social workers must be constantly reflexive, working to raise awareness, empower, and understand the subjective reality of life of individuals living in a fast-paced world, where fear and insecurity constantly subjugate individuals from collective totals, perpetuate dominant forces, while silencing the oppressed (Sakamoto and Pitner, 2005).
Some individuals and groups who are not professional social workers establish relationships with marginalized people by providing relational care and support, for example, through homeless service. These relationships validate marginalized individuals and give them meaningful contact with the mainstream.
Juridical Concepts
There are countries, for example Italy, that have the legal concept of social exclusion . In Italy, "
The Vienna Declaration and Program of Action, documents on international human rights instruments affirm that "extreme poverty and social exclusion are a violation of human dignity and that urgent measures are needed to achieve better knowledge of extreme poverty and its causes, including those associated with development programs , to promote the human rights of the poorest, and to end extreme poverty and social exclusion and promote the fruit enjoyment of social progress It is vital for the State to encourage participation by the poorest people in the decision-making process of the communities in which they live , the promotion of human rights and efforts to combat extreme poverty. "
Quote
"Social exclusion is about the inability of our society to keep all groups and individuals within reach of what we expect as a society... [or] to realize their full potential."
"Whatever the content and criteria for social, socially excluded group memberships and individuals have no capacity or access to social opportunities.
To "exclude from society" can take a variety of relative notions, but social exclusion is usually defined as more than a simple economic phenomenon: it also has consequences in the field of social symbolism.
"Women of Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Caribbean descent [in the UK] work well in school but are still punished at work... 80-89% of 16-year-olds from ethnic groups want to work full-time.. but they are four times more likely to be unemployed. "
The philosopher Axel Honneth thus speaks of the "struggle for recognition", which he attempted to theorize through Hegel's philosophy. In this sense, to be socially ostracized means to be deprived of social recognition and social value. In politics, social recognition is obtained with full citizenship; in the economic sphere (in capitalism) it means to be paid enough to participate fully in the life of the community.
This concept can be derived from considering examples of "the crisis of social integration: poverty, professional exclusion or marginalization, social and civil rights, the absence or weakening of support networks, frequent intercultural conflicts." This relates not only to sex, and disability, but also crime:
Social exclusion is the main cause of evil and offense Eliminating the right to vote to increase social exclusion by beckoning to serve prisoners who, at least during their sentence, die for the community Additional penalty there is no evidence to suggest that criminals are prevented from behavior alluding to the threat of losing the right to vote.... (and) the idea of ​​a citizen's death for sentenced prisoners is still farther from those already on the margins of society and encouraging them to be seen as alien to the community to which they will return release ".
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
- Is the US a Good Model to Reduce Social Exclusion in Europe? Center for Economic and Policy Research, August 2006
- "Inclutivities" - Collection of Games, Exercises and Activities to Use in Art Therapy and Training Programs for Marginalized and Excluded Groups EU Project "Against Exceptions" 2014
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