An arrow is a fin-stabilized projectile that is launched through an arc, and usually consists of a long straight rigid shaft with a stabilizer called fletching, and a heavy (and usually sharp and pointy) arrow attached to the front end, and the slot on the back is called the nock to pull the bowstring. The use of bows and arrows by humans precedes recorded history and is common to most cultures. A craftsman who makes arrows is fletcher , and that makes the arrows are arrowsmith .
Video Arrow
Histori
The oldest evidence of a stone-toed projectile, which may or may not be driven by a bow (cf. atlatl), comes to c. 64,000 years ago, was found in Sibudu Cave, South Africa today. The oldest evidence of the use of a bow to shoot an arrow is about 10,000 years ago; it is based on a pine wood arrow found in the Ahrensburg valley north of Hamburg. They have a shallow groove on the base, indicating that they were shot from a bow. The oldest bow found so far around 8,000 years, was found in the HolmegÃÆ'  ¥ rd swamp in Denmark. Archery seems to have arrived in America with the tradition of small Arctic tools, about 4,500 years ago.
Maps Arrow
Size
The arrow sizes vary widely across cultures, ranging from eighteen inches to five feet (45 cm to 150 cm). However, the most modern arrows are 75 cm (30 inches) to 96 cm (38 inches); most of the wartime arrows from British ships sunk in 1545 are 76 cm (30 inches). Very short arrows have been used, shot through arc guides ("overdraw") or to the archer's wrist ("siper" Turkey). It may fly farther away from the heavier arrows, and the enemy without the appropriate equipment may find itself unable to return it.
Shaft
The shaft is the main structural element of the arrow, which other components are attached. Traditional arrow shafts are made of strong wood, light, bamboo or reed, while modern shafts can be made of aluminum, carbon fiber reinforced plastics, or material combinations. Such shafts are usually made of aluminum core wrapped in an outer carbon fiber. The traditional premium material is Port Orford Cedar.
Spine
The shaft stiffness is known as the spine, which refers to how small the curved shaft is when compressed, so the less bending arrow is said to have more vertebrae. To attack consistently, a group of arrows must be followed the same. The "Middle-Shoot" bow, where the arrow passes through the central vertical axis of the rising arc, can obtain consistent results from arrows with various thorns. However, most of the traditional arcs are not the center-shots and arrows have to veer around the grip in the archer's paradox; Such bows tend to yield the most consistent results with the narrow distance of the spine arrow which allows arrows to bend properly around the arc. A bow with a higher draw weight will generally require a stiffer arrow, with more vertebrae (less flexibility) to give the correct amount of flex when shot.
GPI Rating
The weight of the arrow shaft can be expressed in GPI (grains per inch). The length of the shaft in inches multiplied by its GPI rating gives the weight of the shaft in the grain. For example, a shaft that is 30 inches long and has a GPI of 9.5 weighs 285 grains, or about 18 grams. This does not include any other elements of the arrow so, so the complete arrow will be heavier than the axis only.
Whitewater
Sometimes the shaft will be made of two different types of wood tied together, producing what is known as a foot arrow. Known by some as the best wooden darts, the legged arrows are used both by early Europeans and Native Americans. The rolled arrows usually consist of short hardwoods near the arrow head, with the remaining stems consisting of softwood. By reinforcing the areas that are likely to be damaged, the arrows are more likely to survive the impact, while maintaining overall flexibility and lighter weight.
Arrowhead
The arrow or projectile point is the main functional part of the arrow, and plays the biggest role in determining its purpose. Some arrows may only use the sharp edges of the solid shaft, but it is much more common for separate arrows to be made, usually of metal, horns, or some other hard material. Arrows are usually separated by function:
- Bodkin points are short, rigid points with a small cross section. They are made of unhardened iron and may have been used for better or longer flights, or for cheaper production. It has been incorrectly proposed that the skin comes naturally as a tool to penetrate the armor, but the research does not find hardened skin dots, so it is likely that it was first designed to either extend the range or as a cheaper and simpler alternative to Broadhead. In modern tests, a direct attack from a hard steel bodkin point penetrates the Damascus chain armor. However, archery was not effective against armor plates, which became available to knights in a fairly simple way at the end of the 14th century.
- There are two main types of broadheads used by hunters: fixed blade and mechanical types. While fixed-blade broadheads keep the rigidity fixed and can not move in the head of the head at all times, the mechanical broadheads propagate the blades when in contact with the target, the propeller swinging out to injure the target. The mechanical head flies better because it is slimmer, but has less penetration because it uses some kinetic energy in the arrow to spread its blades.
- Field tips are similar to the target point and have different shoulders, so the outdoor shots do not become jammed in obstacles like tree stumps. They are also used for shooting practice by hunters, by offering similar flying characteristics and flying weight as broadheads, without nesting in the target material and causing excessive damage during removal.
- Target point is shaped like a bullet with a point of cone, designed to penetrate the target butt easily without causing excessive damage to them.
- Safety arrows are designed for use in different forms of reenacted combat, to reduce risk when firing people. This arrow may have a very wide or soft head, like the tip of a large foam ball used in the archery. In combination with a restricted weighing arc and draw length, these heads can reduce the acceptable level of risk of firing arrows on people who have the appropriate armor. The parameters will vary depending on the specific rules used and at the level of risk felt accepted by the participants. For example, the SCA combat rules require a soft head of at least 1 1 / 4 "in diameter, with an arc not exceeding 28 inches (710 mm) and  £ 50 (23 kg) sweepstakes to be used against individuals with good armament.
Arrows may be attached to a shaft with a cap, pliers stored, or inserted into a split in the shaft and held by a process called hafting. The dots attached to the cap just slip by fitting at the end of the shaft, or it can be held with hot glue. The split-shaft construction involves splitting the longitudinal arrow shaft, inserting the arrow head, and securing it using ferrule, muscle, or wire.
Fletchings
Fletching is found on the back of the arrow and acts as an airfoil to provide the small amount of force used to stabilize the arrow flight. They are designed to keep arrows pointing in the direction of travel by greatly dampening any tendency to pitch or yaw. Some cultures, for example mostly in New Guinea, do not use fletching on their arrows. Also, arrows without fletching (called bare shafts ) are used for training purposes, as they make certain errors by more visible archers.
Fletching is traditionally made of feathers (often from swans or turkeys) tied to axis of arrows, but now often made of plastic (known as "propellers"). Historically, some arrows were used for armor inspection using copper propellers. Aircraft archers can use a razor for fletching, to reduce air resistance. With conventional three-feather fletching, one feather, called the "chicken" feather, is at the right angle to the nock, and is usually moored so that it will not touch the bow when the arrow is shot. Fletching four feathers is usually symmetrical and there is no preferred orientation for the nock; this makes nocking arrow a bit easier.
Natural bristles are usually prepared by separating and sandpaper the quill before being glued together. Furthermore, the feathers may be pruned to be shaped, cut or burned by hot-heated hot wire. It is important that all the arrow feathers have the same resistance, so manual trimming is rarely used by modern fletcher. The wire burning method is popular because different shapes are possible by bending the wire, and the fletching can be trimmed symmetrically after gluing by rotating arrows in the fixture.
Some fletching dyed. Two-color fletching usually makes every fletch of two feathers knit together. The front fletching is often disguised, and the rear fletching is bright so that the archers can easily track down arrows.
Craftsmen who make arrows by hand are known as "fletchers," a word related to the French word for arrow, flÃÆ'¨che. This is the same derivation as the verb "fletch," which means giving an arrow with its fur. Glue and yarn are traditional methods of attaching fletching. A "fletching jig" is often used in modern times, to hold the fletchings in proper orientation on the shaft while the glue hardened.
Whenever natural fletching is used, the feathers on one of the arrows must come from the same bird wing. The most common are right-flying turkey flying feathers. A slight bouquet of natural feathers requires them to be flanked with a right twist for the right wing, left wing for the left wing. This rotation, through a combination of gyroscopic stabilization and a drag on the back of the arrow, helps the arrow to fly instantly. Artificial Fletching helices has the same effect. Most of the arrows have three fletches, but some have four or more. Fletchings generally range from two to six inches (152 mm) in length; flight arrows intended to travel maximum distances that may typically have very low fletching, while hunting arrows with broadheads requires long and high fletching to stabilize them against the aerodynamic effects of the head. Fletching can also be cut in different ways, the two most common are parabolic (ie smooth curved shapes) and the shield (ie half shielded from very narrow shield) is cut off.
In modern archery with screw points, the right rotation is generally preferred because it makes the dots to tighten. In traditional archery, some archers prefer the left rotation as it gets harder (and sharper) feathers farther than the arrow shooter and the shooter's hand.
Flu-flu is a form of fletching, usually made by using full length long feather parts taken from turkeys, in most cases six or more parts are used rather than the traditional three. Alternatively, two long feathers can rotate around the end of the arrow shaft. The extra fletching produces more drag and slows the down arrow quickly after a short distance, about 30 m or so.
Flu-Flu arrows are often used for bird hunting, or for archery of children, and can also be used to play Flu-Flu Golf.
Nocks
In English it is common to say "nock an arrow" when someone prepares a shot. A nock is a notch at the far end of the arrow. This helps keep the arrows playing correctly. It also makes the arrow not slip sideways during the draw or after disposal. It also helps maximize the arrow energy (ie range and turn it off) by helping archers put arrows in the fastest moving place on the bowstring. Some archers mark the nock position with beads, knots or wrap threads.
The main goal of nock is to control the rotation of arrows. Arrow bent when released. If the bend touches the bow, the arrow destination will be thrown. The wooden arrow has a preferred buckling plane. Synthetic arrows have buckling fields designed. Usually this plane is determined by an arrow wood grain, or a synthetic arrow structure. The nock slot should be rotated at a selected angle so that when the arrow is curved, it avoids or skips over the bowstave. Almost always this means that the nock slot must be perpendicular to the wood grain, viewed from behind.
Self nocks is the slit that is cut behind the arrow. It's simple, but it can break at the bottom of the slot. Self nocks are often reinforced with fiber fibers attached near the base of the slot. The sturdiest nocks are separate pieces made of wood, plastic, or horns that are then affixed to the end of the arrow. Modern nocks, and traditional Turkish nocks, are often constructed so that they curl around the strings or even pinch them a bit, so that the arrows are unlikely to escape.
Ancient Arab archery sometimes uses "nockless arrows." In shooting at the enemy, the Arabs saw them take an Arabic arrow and shoot them back. So the Arabs developed a bowstring with a small ring tied at where the nock is usually placed. The back end of the arrow will be sharpened to a point, instead of a gap for the nock. The back end of the arrow will enter the ring. Arrows can be pulled and removed as usual. Then the enemy can collect the arrows, but not shoot them back with a conventional arc. Also, since there is no nock, the nock can not be broken, and the arrow is cheaper. A piece of battle advice is to have some rings tied to a bowstring if there is a broken one. A practical disadvantage compared to nock will keep the optimal rotation of the arrow, so when flexing, it does not hit the arc. The direction of the arrow bend may have been indicated by its fletching.
Done and climb
Arrows are usually finished so they are not softened by rain, fog or condensation. The traditional finish is varnish or lacquer. The arrows sometimes need to be fixed, so it's important that the paint is compatible with the glue used to attach arrows, fletching, and nocks. For this reason, arrows are seldom protected by waxing.
Crests are color rings painted on arrows in a unique setting to show the arrow owner. An arrow is usually crammed into a tool like a lathe called a cresting machine.
See also
- Archery
- Arrow poison
- Bowfishing
- The initial thermal weapon
- Fire arrow
- Flechette
- Flu-Flu Arrow
- Quarrel
- Signal arrow
- Swiss Arrow
Note
External links
- What is the Point: Identify Flint Artifacts (OPLIN)
- Dr. Ashby's report on broadhead penetration
- Arrow Type and Arrow
- Carbon Arrow Explained In Detail
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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