Rural poverty refers to the poverty found in rural areas, including factors of rural communities, rural economies, and rural political systems that cause poverty to be found there. Rural poverty is often discussed in relation to spatial inequality, which in this context refers to the inequality between urban and rural areas. Both rural poverty and spatial inequality are global phenomena, but like poverty in general, there is a higher rate of rural poverty in developing countries than in developed countries. Eradicating rural poverty through effective policies and economic growth remains a challenge for the international community
Video Rural poverty
Prevalence
The first goal of the Millennium Development Goal is to reduce extreme poverty by half by 2015, which can not be achieved. Poverty remains a major problem in rural areas, with the majority of the world's poor living in rural areas. It is estimated that 76 percent of the world's poor live in rural areas, well above the total population living in rural areas, which is only 58 percent. Disparities between rural and urban areas are on the rise, especially in many developing and transitional countries. Globally, rural and rural people tend to be disadvantaged compared to their urban counterparts and increased poverty rates as rural areas become more remote. Individuals living in rural areas tend to have fewer access to social services, aggravating the effects of rural poverty.
Maps Rural poverty
Contributing factors
Lack of infrastructure
Rural poverty is often a product of poor infrastructure that impedes development and mobility. Rural areas tend to lack sufficient roads that will increase access to inputs and agricultural markets. Without a path, the rural poor are cut off from technological developments and emerging markets in more urban areas. Poor infrastructure impedes communication, resulting in social isolation among the rural poor, many of whom have limited access to media and news outlets. Such isolation impedes integration with established urban communities and markets, which can result in greater economic development and security. In addition, poor or non-existent irrigation systems threaten agricultural produce due to uncertainty of water supply for crop production. Many poor rural areas lack the irrigation to store or pump water, which results in fewer crops, fewer days of work and less productivity. Both lack of roads and inadequate irrigation systems result in greater work intensity in many rural communities.
Researchers at ODI conducted a literature review to assess the relationship between all types of roads and both their security impacts as well as road development impacts on access to eg health and education (service delivery) particularly in vulnerable, sparsely populated and/or sick areas. - a well-groomed countryside in a developing country.
They found no direct evidence relating to the road infrastructure security impacts, and only the theoretical relationships of infrastructure development discussed in the study. There are various direct and indirect channels through which transport infrastructure can affect security and peace building. They agreed that infrastructure programs could potentially play three roles in a fragile context: as engines of economic recovery and improvement of service delivery, as part of institutional strengthening processes, and in stabilization and peace-building.
They claim that the evidence for causality is weak but some aspects of infrastructure development, including but not exclusively for road construction, have proved effective in the fragile state context. The Rapid Impact has not been proven effective in promoting peace and security development in Affected Countries and Conflict-Affected Persons.
Their literature search presents some evidence of road construction that produces work sometimes for the most vulnerable and/or poorer groups. They found that case studies show road building programs can generate short-term employment opportunities in fragile and conflict-affected areas, particularly those applicable to programs where rural road development is conducted through community-based development or with particular emphasis on inclusion through participatory methods. The evidence is largely limited to the number of hours worked or people employed and includes little rigorous impact evaluation.
There is also some evidence that rural road construction reduces isolation for minority groups and provides more opportunities for inclusion in wider economic activity. However, this evidence does not deal directly with reducing conflict or enhancing security. Poverty and isolation literature defines this as access to input and output markets, access to education and health services, and access to employment opportunities through which road access contributes to poverty reduction.
Most of the qualitative evidence found suggests that rural road construction or maintenance has a positive impact on the provision of public services. In general, the construction of rural roads leads to increased access of users and suppliers. This happens because of reduced travel time, as well as transportation costs but these benefits tend to increase disproportionately to the influential and educated. Rural communities tend to consider it essential for road construction and see it to improve access to markets, health facilities and education.
Geographic barriers
Major geographical constraints such as remote and/or small islands and large archipelagos, low populations, very rugged and/or especially highland terrain such as the Himalayas and Andes present severe obstacles to development even beyond the typical rural poverty situation.
Insufficient access to market
Lack of access to markets - whether due to poor infrastructure or productivity, limited education, or inadequate information - hinders access to labor and capital. In many rural communities, there is little employment outside agriculture, often resulting in food insecurity and income due to the dangerous nature of agriculture. Rural workers are mostly concentrated in jobs such as owner-farmers, farmers, farmers, informal care workers, agricultural daily laborers, and cattle herders. Without access to other labor markets, rural workers continue to work for very low wages in agricultural jobs that tend to have seasonal fluctuations and thus little income security. In addition to the labor force, the rural poor often lack access to capital markets and financial institutions, hampering their ability to form savings and obtain credits that can be used to purchase working capital or increase their supply of raw materials. When combined with rare employment opportunities, poor access to credit and capital perpetuates rural poverty.
Lack of wheelbarrow without a motor vehicle (handcart and wheelbarrow)
Many international development organizations have studied, reported, recommended, and agreed that lack of mobility impedes human progress and development. Yet there is very little evidence from anyone who tries to really tackle and alleviate the problem by introducing handcarts and wheelbarrows to remote and rural areas where they will be most beneficial.
Urban Poverty versus Urban - United States
In the United States, where rural poverty rates are higher and more persistent than in urban areas, rural workers are disadvantaged by lower wages and less access to better payroll labor markets. As a result, underemployment and informal employment are more prevalent in rural areas, and where formal employment is found, it acts as a buffer against poverty. As a result, rural poverty in the US is more persistent than urban poverty - 95 percent of continuous poor districts in the US are rural, while only 2 percent of urban poor districts are persistent urban.
Opening economy for international trade
Some macro-level economic changes have been associated with an increase in spatial inequality. There is much research showing the relationship between more open trade, along with other neo-liberal policies, and the incidence of rural poverty and higher spatial disparities In China, for example, greater trade openness provides at least partial explanations for more rural-urban disparities , and in Vietnam, trade liberalization has resulted in higher poverty rates in rural areas. These two countries show that apart from greater openness and growth, spatial inequality does not always decrease in line with overall economic growth. In addition, the promotion of export-oriented agriculture has been linked to declining food security for rural populations.
In many rural communities, lack of access to education and limited opportunities to improve and improve one's skills impede social mobility. A low level of education and a little skill leads most of the rural poor to work as subsistence farmers or unsafe, informal jobs, and perpetuate the state of rural poverty. Inadequate education on health and nutritional needs often results in malnutrition or malnutrition among the rural poor. Social isolation due to inadequate roads and poor access to information makes health care (and provides it) very difficult for the rural poor, resulting in poorer health and higher infant mortality rates. There are striking differences in Asia and Africa between rural and urban areas in terms of public education allocation and health services.
Case study: Africa
A study from 24 African countries found that "living standards in rural areas are almost universally lagging behind urban areas." In terms of education, school enrollment and enrollment ratio of girls to children is much lower in rural areas than in urban areas. A similar trend is found in access to neonatal care, as those living in rural areas have much less access than their urban counterparts. There are also more malnourished children in rural areas in Africa than in urban areas. In Zimbabwe, for example, more than twice the share of malnourished children in rural areas (34 percent malnutrition rate) than in urban areas (15 percent malnutrition). The imbalance between urban and rural areas, and where rural poverty is most prevalent, is in countries where the adult population has the lowest amount of education. These are found in the Sahelian states of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger where regional gaps are 33 percent, 19.4 percent, and 21.3 percent, respectively. In each of these countries, more than 74 percent of adults have no education. Overall, in most of Africa, those in rural areas are experiencing more poverty and less access to health care and education.
Women and rural poverty
Rural women are especially disadvantaged, both as poor and women. Women in rural and urban areas face higher poverty risks and more limited economic opportunities than their male counterparts. The number of rural women living in extreme poverty has increased by about 50 percent over the last twenty years. Women in rural poverty live in conditions as tough as their male counterparts, but experience additional cultural and policy biases that undermine their work in both the formal and accessible informal labor market. The 2009 World Survey states that "women play an active role in agriculture and rural livelihoods as unpaid family workers, independent farmers and wage laborers, often without access to land, credit and other productive assets." Women's contribution to the rural economy is generally underestimated, as women undertake disproportionate care work, jobs that are often not recognized because they are not seen as economically productive. Although in some countries, cultural norms and societies prevent women from working outside the home, in other countries, especially in rural communities in Africa, women work as major food producers, increasing household food and income security. Families in extreme poverty are even more dependent on women's work both inside and outside the home, resulting in longer days and more intense work for women. Feminization of poverty is a concept that can be applied in urban and rural areas.
Policies to combat rural poverty
Land reform
Access to land can reduce rural poverty by providing households with a productive and relatively reliable way to generate income. The rural poor often have less access to land, which contributes to their poverty. Access of the rural poor to the soil can be increased by redistributing land from large farms over a certain size, government regulations challenging some traditional land systems that keep the land concentrated in some hands, and settlement schemes involving the provision of rural poor family packages from new land developed or government-owned. Achieving legislative reforms and implementing redistributive policies, however, is a difficult task in many countries because land ownership is a sensitive cultural and political issue. But in China, for example, land redistribution policies have found some success and are associated with rural poverty reduction and increased agricultural growth.
Women and land reform
The development of legal measures to improve women's access to land is linked to achieving greater gender equality. This requires women to have the legal right to own land, and to appoint women as individual owners or a combination of parcels of land redistributed during the reform. It also involves allowing women to have separate lease rights and giving women the right to claim equal shares of family land and resources in divorce, neglect, widowhood, and for inheritance purposes. Lack of access to land and property linked to poverty, migration, violence, and HIV/AIDS. Improving women's access to the land not only benefits themselves, but also benefits families and communities both in terms of increasing productivity and improving the welfare of their children. More than just legislative reform, because the law to actually guarantee women the right to land and an equal heritage, they need to be upheld; in many countries, even though women achieve equal rights to land, old social and cultural norms continue to bias the implementation of policies.
Case study: Bangladesh
Improved infrastructure in Bangladesh increased agricultural production by 32 percent through its effects on prices and access to inputs and technology. Improving roads and transport systems also resulted in a 33 percent increase in household income of the poor through the ability to diversify production, as well as an increase in savings and investment and better access to financial credit. In addition, due to increased mobility among rural households, increased access to social services were recorded, as well as overall health improvements.
Technology
The development of appropriate technology can improve agricultural productivity. The successful development of technologies that help the rural poor is achieved through bottom-up policies involving technological innovations that require little external input and little monetary investment. The most effective innovation is based on the active participation of smallholders, who are involved in defining problems and implementing and evaluating solutions. Smallholder technology development focuses on processes such as nutrient recycling, integrated pest management, integration of crop and livestock farming, use of ground and marine water sources, soil conservation, and the use of genetic engineering and biotechnology to reduce fertilizer demand.
Access to credit
Providing access to credit and financial services provides an entry point for improving rural productivity as well as encouraging small-scale trade and manufacturing. With credit, rural farmers can buy capital that increases their productivity and income. Increased credit helps expand the market to rural areas, thus encouraging rural development. The ability to obtain credit also combats bound or exploitative work systems by encouraging entrepreneurship. Credit policies are most effective when provided along with other services such as technology and marketing training.
Diversification
Agricultural diversification can provide rural families with higher incomes and greater food security. Diversification, or reallocation of some productive agricultural resources, reduces agricultural risks, especially the risks associated with unpredictable or extreme weather that may be caused by climate change. Policies related to diversification also focus on crop rotation to increase productivity, and increase the production of traditional crops such as cassava, peas, plantains and bananas rather than encouraging the growth of more dangerous commercial plants. These plants tend to be at the core of the agricultural system among the rural poor and are generally more drought resistant and can survive under poor soil conditions. Increasing productivity and marketing of these crops encourages food and income security among rural households.
Rural poverty in Canada
Access to Care
Government Nursing
Nurses have set themselves up in the province of Ontario since 1963. The College of Nurses (CNO) ensures that all nurses within the province are registered through the CNO and that all nurses meet the requirements set by them. Requirements are based on knowledge and practice skills and that all nurses work within the scope of their practice. Self-government occurs when professional bodies are governed by members of their own profession. Nurses in Ontario have a responsibility to work in accordance with professional standards and the Code of Conduct. Nurses can contribute to the creation of rules and standards by providing knowledge of evidence-based practice, as well as theoretical knowledge to help ensure best practice when providing quality care. Regulatory bodies are responsible for ensuring that all nursing practitioners are competent and continue to build on their skills through educational continuity and skill development. "The regulatory body develops and maintains a standard of nursing practice that determines the level of performance expected of registered nurses to provide safe, competent and ethical care". The Standards of Nursing Practice apply to provide the same quality of service despite its location. CNOs are responsible for providing quality services to the public including making accessible health services.
Barriers to Accessing Health Care
For those living in rural Canada, they may face challenges when trying to access health care. The difficulties experienced by rural areas when accessing health services include the great distance between health services, lack of transportation, an increase in the number of elderly, fewer health care providers, and limited awareness of available resources. To receive federal funds from the government, the Canadian Health Act recognizes that five principles must be met, this includes universality, accessibility, completeness, portability, and public administration. For those who live in rural communities, these five principles are not always met. With 90% Canada identified as rural geographically, and about a quarter of the population lives in rural areas with fewer than 10,000 people, this is of concern when identifying health barriers.
Health care is considered accessible when within a 30-60 minute drive in rural settings, and emergency vehicles are considered accessible when there is less than thirty minutes drive. This is a concern in emergency situations because someone has a long waiting time before being given medical attention. Transportation is an important factor that becomes a barrier to accessing health care. In rural areas, one may have to travel long distances to seek medical help, road quality may be very bad, weather conditions affect driving, and rural areas rarely have access to public transport. The elderly have the greatest need for transportation services, the challenge for these services is they may have to be booked a week in advance. Also, with the baby boom generation, there will be an increase in the number of elderly people who need access to health care. Most people over the age of 65 have a certain amount of comorbidity, and need regular visits to the family doctor, regular transportation costs to healthcare providers can be enormous. For many people living in rural poverty, financial hardship prevents a person from owning a vehicle. Transportation needs for health care will only be reduced when there is greater availability for health care programs, this involves bringing more health care providers to rural areas.
Other factors affecting rural poverty and access to health services are lower socioeconomic status. Although the Canadian Health Act provides everyone access to health care without financial obligations, people with low socioeconomic status typically have lower levels of education and are less likely to seek medical advice from a health care professional. Other health risks associated with low income and low education are the increase in high-risk behaviors that lead to poor health including smoking, obesity, and alcohol-specific substance abuse. Higher earners have the means to pay health-enhancing resources, such as weight-loss programs, gym membership, smoking cessation programs, rehabilitation facilities where lower-income people can not afford to pay for personal health improvement programs. Low-income families continue with high-risk behaviors even though these limited finances include smoking and cigarette prices. People with low socioeconomic status tend not to view long-term health compared to higher-income families who will be more likely to contribute to programs that benefit their health. Those with high socioeconomic status are more likely to think about long-term health and take preventive measures to improve good health.
Accessibility Resources
The rural areas struggle by being able to provide resources for people in their communities to help reduce the challenges of social poverty. Many living in poverty need help from food shelters, homeless shelters, drug and alcohol abuse programs, counseling programs and women's shelters. Many of these programs in rural communities are organized by volunteers who may have little or no training, and the buildings that run the program may be lacking in the appropriate infrastructure. There may be limited funding available for these programs that affect staff and resources that can be provided to those seeking help. Individuals at risk of living in poverty are those with mental health problems, disabilities, single mothers, addicted individuals, and immigrants who can not speak English. This is challenging because the resources set to support disadvantaged groups have been shut down as a result of little funding and inability to effectively support these groups. People who seek help are left alone. Community donations and volunteers play a major role in public support that is still open to the public in rural settings.
Doctor Accessibility
Canadians feel that accessing health care is considered a poor person, people are waiting a longer time to see a doctor. There is a growing number of privatized health practices that reduce accessibility for those living in rural poverty. There are several doctors available to support this population. With about 20% of Canadians living in rural Canada, only 8% of practitioners are trained in this area. Lack of in rural areas is the number of health specialists accessible to Canadians. An average of 4 million Canadians go without a family doctor. There is also a high rate of doctor turnover in rural areas due to increased workload, geographic and social isolation. This can be a challenge because many individuals seeking special care should have referrals from family doctors. When there is a high degree of doctor turnover then the individual must develop a trusting relationship and give a previous medical history to the new family doctor. This creature is challenging because some relationships take years to develop trust with family doctors, and a bad experience with someone can bring challenges when it comes to moving to a new doctor.
"Rural people are understood to be places with small populations, limited financial and material resources, and increased vulnerability to health services and health-care shortages as a consequence of their distance from the city center". With rural areas of high elderly populations, more and more people are living with one or more chronic diseases, the need for doctors and specialists in rural areas to increase. Patients with chronic pain caused more than half of family doctor visits. In Canada, individuals who need to see a specialist wait for an average of four weeks to three months. This increases the health risks for those living in rural poverty, as there is greater difficulty in accessing health services. There is an increasing number of those living with chronic illness, a larger elderly population, and fewer health care professionals available in rural communities. For those living in rural poverty, the Canadian Health Act ensures that health care is provided at no financial cost including hospital care, surgical procedures, dental surgery, primary care physicians, and specialists covered through the provincial health insurance plan. This allows the individual to receive treatment even though unable to pay for the treatment.
Vulnerable Population
Poverty in rural Canada is a sustainable problem in Canada. Although rural life can be a challenge for every population, there are some groups that are considered more vulnerable to poverty. Some contributing factors such as work, education, geographical location, living costs and low income are definite issues among these particular groups. With that being said, many of these populations find themselves struggling to stay above the poverty line.
Single Parent Family
Single families or single parent families are particularly vulnerable to poverty in Canada, especially those living in rural areas. Although single male parent families are at risk, families with a woman as the only parent are at a much greater risk. Women who raise their own families are at greatest risk for poverty in Canada. Women in rural Canada are harmed by job opportunities due to lack of work in the community. Formal education is also a challenge for rural women because of the low general status of income and the cost of higher education. Without formal education, rural women often can not find jobs with good salaries that provide stability and benefits to support their families. To find affordable housing for a single parent's income, one must often look outside the city to a more remote area. Although housing is cheaper, employment is declining; causing women to seek work closer to the city or within the community. By having to travel to work, vehicle costs or alternative transportation costs increase. Wages in rural Canada are lower than urban wages, which contribute to lower overall income and poor earnings status among these families. For women who support the family, low wages, low employment, high living costs and lack of financial support are risk factors that increase the incidence of poverty among these populations. This creates great costs for travel and transportation, as well as childcare. If children in the family attend school, transportation to schools is often limited to those living in remote areas. Providing or paying for alternative transportation for children to attend school is also an additional cost.
The Elderly
Parents living in rural areas are at an increased risk of poverty in rural Canada. Parents, especially one female family, in rural Canada are at great risk for poverty and low economic status. With a more direct focus on elderly poverty, rural women over the age of 65 are found to have much lower annual income than adults living in non-rural communities. More than 19% of women over age 65 live in poverty in Canada, compared with 10% of elderly men. There are several factors that make rural elderly, especially women, at risk of experiencing poverty. Annual income for the elderly in rural areas is much lower than in urban areas. Rural women over the age of 65 have at least public sector funding and government support from all Canadian populations. Only 41% of their annual income is through financial support, which means that they have to rely on their pensions or personal savings to support themselves. For many, this is not enough to meet their daily living needs, let alone the cost of health care and the cost of living expenses. Due to the declining population density in rural Canada, there is a mass shortage of public services offered to individuals. Although all populations are affected, the elderly experience a large negative impact. For example, transportation becomes a big problem. More than 25% of elderly people living in rural areas do not own or have access to cars. This means that other means of transportation are required; but there are very limited public transport services, especially for those living in remote areas. Finding transportation methods can be expensive and often disappointing for the elders. Parents in rural Canada often live in older and single family homes that often have larger property sizes. Maintaining the house is expensive. Maintenance such as mowing or shoveling snow can be too much for parents to complete, therefore assistance is needed to keep up with it. In rural areas, public services are often difficult to find and expensive. Maintaining their homes can create additional costs for individuals, whereas in the previous year they will be able to perform these tasks themselves. With the lack of services, the elderly often find they can not maintain their homes or perform maintenance tasks.
Children and Young Adults
Children living in rural Canada are negatively affected by poverty and low-income situations; especially children from single parent families. Single parent families in rural communities are more likely to have low incomes and poor economic status. Child poverty is a problem in rural Canada due to reduced employment opportunities and stability for families in low-income situations. In addition, financial support is often not enough to ensure that children are given basic daily needs. Children growing up in poverty tend not to improve their economic status as they grow older. Poor children tend not to attain a high school diploma or post-secondary education, due to family financial tensions and inability to attend school or move. This same idea is concerned with issues of young adults and rural areas. Young adults in rural Canada are particularly vulnerable to poverty for many additional reasons. Work is very hard to find for young adults because of lack of experience. Employers often need experience to be successful candidates. With the shortage of existing jobs, the Canadian rural youth find it difficult to start their careers. In addition, formal education or secondary posts are often set aside for lack of funds and affordability to leave their communities. There are only a few secondary institutions located in remote and rural Canada, which means that most people have to travel or move to attend. This is often not possible for those who live in this community. In addition, financial assistance or job insurance is not always an option because to qualify, a person must get a specific number of working hours. If a young adult can not find a job, this type of assistance will be rejected due to lack of working hours and work.
Aboriginal
Canadian Aborigines living in rural areas are considered the poorest. There are several factors that contribute to poverty among indigenous people in Canada. Despite many beliefs, poverty risk factors continue to exist for indigenous people living inside and outside the region. Although the native Canadians living on these reserves face the risk of poverty, the people living in these deposits show much greater risk. Lack of employment, poor pay work, alcohol abuse, poor access to health care and low levels of education are all areas that contribute to an increased risk of poverty. The overall income of Canadian indigenous people living in rural areas is significantly lower than that of non-aboriginal people living in urban areas. Many Canadian natives reside in the reserve where their family grows and their community grows. There is a massive shortage of jobs between these reserves. With that being said, there are many efforts to find work outside of the reserves in rural communities. However, due to the remote and isolated geographic location of many aboriginal communities, jobs are even scarce from reserves. In the original reserves of Algonquin, about 90% of the population is unemployed. For indigenous people who work and live in rural areas, they are paid much less than those living in urban areas. Wages in rural Canada are usually much lower than in urban areas, simply because the economic status of rural communities is often lower and small businesses can not afford to pay large wages to their employees. Also, many rural jobs are seasonal or temporary for these people, which means that they may not be working for months of the year. In addition, the cost of living is a major contributor to the poverty of indigenous people in rural Canada. The cost of food and supplies of daily living is more expensive in rural areas than in urban cities. This is because the cost of transporting this supply to rural distributors is much more. Although some housing and rural land may come at a lower cost than urban areas, the maintenance and maintenance of housing is an expensive factor that contributes to poverty among indigenous people. While the level of education among Aboriginal people living in rural Canada is much lower than in urban areas, there is a vicious cycle that occurs when examining the correlations. Among Canadian indigenous people, inside and outside the reserve, 32% have not reached their secondary school diploma, compared with 15% of non-aboriginal Canadians. On the other hand, about 8% of Aboriginal men in Canada have university degrees, compared to 25% of non-aboriginal men. There are several reasons that contribute to the gap in the education level. For indigenous rural Canadians, poverty can affect availability and eliminate educational choices. Some people find that they have to leave high school in search of work to help support their struggling family. High school post is very expensive, and for people living in poverty, college or university is not a realistic goal. Therefore, a vicious circle occurs. People can not find a job because they have no educational background, but at that time their families can not afford the cost of education. In terms of gender and aboriginal poverty in Canada, there is a tendency of gaps between aboriginal men and women in terms of income and economic status. Among aboriginal individuals living in rural Canada, women tend to have jobs and often have much lower annual incomes. In many cases, aboriginal women are the primary caregivers for their children and parents in their families. Women who are able to find work often experience difficulties due to lack of work, as well as requirements for education and experience. This can cause serious financial hardship to the family, especially for single parent families trying to manage all of their expenses.
Individuals with Disabilities
Individuals with disabilities living in rural Canada are at high risk of living in poverty. Defects are defined as long-term difficulties with the activities of everyday life such as mobility, learning, listening or communicating. People living with disabilities may find it difficult to work, depending on their condition. Among rural jobs, many of which involve physical labor and less than ideal working conditions. Some individuals with disabilities will not be able to work under these conditions. This contributes to the risk of poverty among the rural population, because the inability to work has a significant impact on their income. Disability support services are available; But the cost of living is very high. Especially for those living in rural areas, home care and limited home services that create challenges for some people. In addition, rural life has an increased risk of injury due to remote locations and some health services. This is also due to challenges for individuals with disabilities.
Lack of Resources
Health Conditions
Health Results
Effects on health outcomes
People in rural areas experiencing poverty have health outcomes worse than their urban counterparts as evidenced by acceptance, length of recovery and complications, and lack of social and nursing support.
Reception
Canadians living in rural poor face worse hospital outcomes. When seeing Canadians diagnosed with congestive heart failure hospitalized, lower acceptance rates are found in metropolitan areas of non-metropolitan areas. Visits to metropolitan hospitals cost more because they are more services such as angiography available to metropolitan residents. Hospital admissions are also greater at the end of life for rural Canadians living in poverty than their urban counterparts due to lack of outpatient services at the end of life.
Recovery
The Canadian recovery process after surgery and infection risk can be increased with length of stay in hospital, alcohol, diabetes, obesity, and living in the countryside. Rural poverty poses the risk of postoperative infection as well. Alcoholism, diabetes and obesity are often health outcomes associated with rural poverty which makes recovering from any surgical disease more difficult for Canadians living in rural poverty
Social supplement
Rural Canadians living in poverty have difficulty accessing care and social support. This includes the availability of health care resources and the number of health care professionals accessible to these residents. The lack of access and support available directly affects the health of rural Canadians living in poverty.
Health and Healthcare Determinants
Poor health outcomes appear to be the result of the impact of social determinants of health in rural settings for someone living in poverty. Social determinants of health are strong contributors to the education of their respective health outcomes. Causes of poverty in rural areas include low income, lack of employment, high cost of new housing construction, poor quality housing (leading to higher costs for heating), poor health and lack of health care within reasonable travel distances, and low rates education. They are all related to the social determinants of health and health outcomes for those living in poverty. Health-specific social determinants that contribute to rural poverty and poor health outcomes include: income, employment and working conditions, economics, population demographics, housing, health, education, child and youth development, gender, and culture. The social determinants of health are highly relevant to the causes and effects of rural poverty and health. For example, those living in low-income households tend to live in older and poorer quality housing units that are often not sufficiently isolated and have high heat and utility costs. This poor heating can affect health, and high utility costs are often unrealistic for Canadians living in rural areas. Also, the cause and effect element of rural poverty is clearly seen when looking at food as an important component of health and income products. Many Canadians living in poverty find themselves without adequate food, or unable to purchase suitable food to support their families and their own nutritional and developmental needs. It can even be more difficult for rural Canadians living in poverty as they have less access to social support due to longer distances between rural and urban centers, and can not spend money on gas and transportation to look for food security in urban areas in where support is often located
Health Gap
Poverty in Canada has a wide influence on the quality of many aspects of life for rural people. With the social determinants of health in mind, rural poverty can lead to out-migration and population decline, poorer education outcomes, worse employment due to poorer transportation and childcare costs, worse living and eating conditions. All of which directly affect health. Lack of education, employment and then income levels affect the ability of rural Canada to travel for work, or to purchase groceries. When the necessary social determinants of health are not met, it has a direct effect on health outcomes for rural Canada, and creates the tension or some social support available in rural communities. Poverty also affects the personal life choices of people living in rural areas as they develop coping methods to address the everyday challenges that affect health that create the recognition that the "choice" of personal life is strongly influenced by the financial circumstances that people live in.
Recognize Gap
There is clearly a difference between rural and urban poverty in Canada and their respective health outcomes. When comparing rural and urban populations, rural Canadians tend to have lower levels of education, lower literacy rates, lower incomes, fewer job opportunities, less employment opportunities, more seasonal jobs, more many housing needs improvement, poorer health, and poorer access to health care services than urban Canadians. In terms of health outcomes, and stroke-related health care services in particular, an association has been linked between low incomes, lower hospital volumes, and worse stroke outcomes. This suggests that Canadians from different socio-economic groups may have equal access to health care facilities, but the quality of these facilities often reflects the financial status of the population in the area. High-volume urban hospitals are often not easily accessible to Canadians living in rural poverty, enlarging the gap between rural and urban stroke results, and overall health status
Closing Gap
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