Weight loss , in the context of medicine, health, or physical fitness, refers to a reduction in total body mass, due to loss of fluids, body fat or adipose tissue or lean mass, ie bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other connective tissue. Weight loss can occur by accident due to malnutrition or underlying illness or arising from conscious attempts to correct a situation of overweight or actual or perceived obesity. An unexplained weight loss that is not caused by a reduction in caloric or exercise intake is called cachexia and may be a symptom of a serious medical condition. Accidental weight loss is usually referred to as slimming .
Video Weight loss
Intentional
Accidental weight loss is a loss of total body mass as a result of efforts to improve fitness and health, or to alter performance through slimming. Weight loss in overweight or obese individuals can reduce health risks, improve fitness, and can delay the onset of diabetes. It can reduce pain and improve movement in people with knee osteoarthritis. Weight loss can lead to a decrease in hypertension (high blood pressure), but whether this reduces the hazards associated with hypertension is not clear.
Weight loss occurs when the body releases more energy in work and metabolism than absorbs from food or other nutrients. Then it will use stored reserves of fat or muscle, gradually leading to weight loss. For athletes who want to improve performance or meet the heavy classifications required to participate in sports, it is not uncommon to seek weight loss even if they are already at their ideal weight. Others may be encouraged to lose weight to achieve an appearance that they find more attractive. However, being lean is associated with health risks such as difficulty fighting infection, osteoporosis, decreased muscle strength, difficulty regulating body temperature and even increasing the risk of death.
A low calorie diet is also referred to as a balanced percentage diet. Because of minimal adverse effects, this type of diet is most often recommended by nutritionists. In addition to limiting caloric intake, a balanced diet also regulates the consumption of macronutrients. Of the total daily calories allocated, it is recommended that 55% should come from carbohydrates, 15% of protein, and 30% of fat with no more than 10% of total saturated fat. For example, a suggested 1,200 calorie diet will supply about 660 calories from carbohydrates, 180 from protein, and 360 from fat. Several studies have shown that an increase in protein consumption may help reduce hunger associated with reduced calorie intake by increasing feelings of satiety. Calorie restriction in this way has many long-term benefits. Upon reaching the desired weight, the calories consumed per day can be increased gradually, without exceeding 2,000 net (ie lowered by subtracting the calories burned by the physical activity of the calories consumed). Combined with increased physical activity, low-calorie diets are considered to be the most effective in the long term, unlike a failed diet, which can achieve short-term results, at best. Physical activity can greatly improve dietary efficiency. The most healthy weight loss regimen, therefore, is one consisting of a balanced diet and moderate physical activity.
Weight gain is associated with excessive fat consumption, (added) sugars, refined carbohydrates in general, and alcohol consumption. Depression, stress or boredom can also contribute to weight gain, and in this case, individuals are advised to seek medical help. A 2010 study found that dieters who slept soundly overnight lost more than twice as much fat as compared to a sleep-deprived diet.
Although hypothesized that vitamin D supplementation may be helpful, studies do not support this. The majority of dieters regain weight in the long term.
According to Dietary Guidelines for Americans, those who achieve and manage a healthy weight, do so very successfully with caution to consume enough calories to meet their needs, and become physically active. According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), healthy individuals trying to maintain their weight should consume 2,000 calories (8.4 MJ) per day.
Technique
The most intrusive weight loss methods, and most often recommended, are dietary adjustment and increased physical activity, generally in the form of exercise. The World Health Organization recommends that people combine the reduction of processed foods with saturated fats, sugars and salt and high calories from the diet with increased physical activity.
Increased fiber intake is also recommended to regulate bowel movements. Other methods to lose weight include the use of drugs and supplements that decrease appetite, block the absorption of fat, or reduce the volume of the stomach. Bariatric surgery may be indicated in cases of severe obesity. Two common bariatric surgical procedures are gastric and gastric bypasses. Both can be effective in limiting the intake of food energy by reducing abdominal size, but because with surgical procedures both come with their own risks that should be considered in consultation with the doctor. Food supplements, although widely used, are not considered as a healthy option to lose weight. Many are available, but very few are effective in the long run.
Virtual gastric bands use hypnosis to make the brain think the stomach is smaller than it really is and therefore lower the amount of digested food. This brings weight loss as a consequence. This method is equipped with psychological treatments for the management of anxiety and with hypnopedia. Research has been done into the use of hypnosis as an alternative to weight management. In 1996 a study found that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was more effective for weight loss if reinforced with hypnosis. Acceptance and Therapy The commitment of ACT, the approach to attention to weight loss, also in recent years has shown its usefulness.
Permanent weight loss
In order for weight to become permanent, changes in diet and lifestyle should be permanent as well. Short-term diets have not been shown to result in long-term weight loss or better health, and may even be counterproductive.
Weight loss industry
There is a huge market for products that promise to make weight loss easier, faster, cheaper, more reliable, or less painful. These include books, DVDs, CDs, crème, lotions, pills, rings and earrings, body wraps, body belts and other materials, gyms, clinics, personal trainers, weight loss groups, and food and supplement products.
In 2008, between US $ 33 billion and $ 55 billion were spent annually in the US on weight loss products and services, including medical and pharmaceutical procedures, with weight loss centers taking between 6 and 12 percent of total annual expenditure. More than $ 1.6 billion a year is spent on weight loss supplements. About 70 percent of the American dietary effort is self-help.
In Western Europe, sales of weight loss products, excluding prescription drugs, above EUR1, 25 billion (Â £ 900 million/$ 1.4 billion) in 2009.
Maps Weight loss
Unintentional
Characteristics
Accidental weight loss can result from loss of body fat, loss of body fluids, muscle atrophy, or even a combination of the two. It is generally considered a medical problem when at least 10% of a person's body weight has been lost in six months or 5% in the last month. Another criterion used to assess body weight is too low a body mass index (BMI). However, a lower amount of weight loss can be a cause of serious concern to weak parents.
Unintentional weight loss can occur due to a less nutritious diet relative to one's energy needs (commonly called malnutrition). Disease processes, changes in metabolism, hormonal changes, medications or other treatments, dietary changes or medications, or reduced appetite associated with illness or treatment may also lead to unintentional weight loss. Poor utilization of nutrients can lead to weight loss, and can be caused by fistulas in the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, drug-nutrient interactions, enzyme depletion and muscle atrophy.
Continuous weight loss can worsen into wasteful, uncertainly defined conditions called cachexia. Cachexia differs from starvation in part because it involves a systemic inflammatory response. This is related to a worse outcome. In advanced stages of progressive disease, metabolism can change so that they lose weight even when they get what is usually considered as adequate nutrition and the body can not keep up. This leads to a condition called anorexia cachexia syndrome (ACS) and additional nutrients or supplementation is unlikely to help. Symptoms of weight loss from ACS include severe weight loss of muscle rather than body fat, loss of appetite and feeling full after eating in small amounts, nausea, anemia, weakness and fatigue.
Serious weight loss can reduce quality of life, undermine the effectiveness or recovery of medications, aggravate disease processes and become risk factors for high mortality. Malnutrition can affect every function of the human body, from the cell to the most complex body functions, including:
- immune response;
- wound healing;
- muscle strength (including respiratory muscle);
- kidney capacity and depletion cause water and electrolyte disturbance;
- thermoregulation; and
- menstruation.
In addition, malnutrition can cause vitamins and other deficiencies and inactivity, which in turn can lead to other problems, such as pressure sores.
Unintentional weight loss can be a characteristic that leads to the diagnosis of diseases such as cancer and type 1 diabetes.
In the UK, up to 5% of the general population is thin, but more than 10% of those with lung or gastrointestinal disease and who have recently undergone surgery. According to data in the UK using the Universal Malnutrition Screening Tool ('MUST'), which combines an unintentional weight loss, over 10% of the population over the age of 65 is at risk of malnutrition. A high proportion (10-60%) of hospital patients is also at risk, along with the same proportion at home care.
Cause
Related to disease
Malnutrition-related illnesses can be considered in four categories:
The weight loss issues associated with certain diseases include:
- Because chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) develops, about 35% of patients experience severe weight loss called pulmonary cachexia, including reduced muscle mass. About 25% have moderate to severe weight loss, and most others experience weight loss. Larger weight loss is associated with a poorer prognosis. Theories about contributing factors include loss of appetite associated with reduced activity, additional energy needed to breathe, and difficulty eating with dyspnea (working breathing).
- Cancer, a very common and sometimes fatal cause of unexplained weight loss (idiopathic). About a third of cases of unintentional weight loss are secondary to malignancy. Cancers that should be suspected in patients with unexplained weight loss include gastrointestinal, prostate, hepatobiliary (hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer), ovary, hematology or lung malignancy.
- People with HIV often lose weight, and this is associated with worse outcomes. Wasting syndrome is an AIDS-defining condition.
- Gastrointestinal abnormalities are another common cause of unexplained weight loss - in fact they are the most common non-cancer cause of idiopathic weight loss. Possible gastrointestinal etiologies of unexplained weight loss include: celiac disease, peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease (crohn and ulcerative colitis), pancreatitis, gastritis, diarrhea and many other GI conditions.
- Infection. Some infectious diseases can cause weight loss. Fungal diseases, endocarditis, many parasitic diseases, AIDS, and some other subacute or occult infections can cause weight loss.
- Kidney disease. Patients with uremia often have poor or no appetite, vomiting and nausea. This can lead to weight loss.
- Heart disease. Cardiovascular disease, especially congestive heart failure, can lead to unexplained weight loss.
- Connective tissue disease
- Neurological diseases, including dementia
- Mouth, taste or teeth (including infections) can reduce nutritional intake that leads to weight loss.
Related therapies
Medical treatment can directly or indirectly cause weight loss, impairing the effectiveness of treatment and recovery that can lead to further weight loss in a vicious cycle.
Many patients will be in pain and lose their appetite after surgery. Part of the body's response to surgery is directing energy to wound healing, which increases the body's overall energy requirements. Surgery affects indirect nutritional status, especially during the recovery period, as it may interfere with wound healing and other aspects of recovery. Surgery directly affects nutritional status if the procedure alters the digestive system permanently. Enteral nutrition (feeding through the tube) is often required. But the 'nil by mouth' policy for all gastrointestinal surgery has not proven to be beneficial, with some suggestions likely to hamper recovery.
Early postoperative nutrition is part of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocol. The protocol also includes carbohydrate loading within 24 hours before surgery, but previous nutritional interventions have not been shown to have any significant impact.
Some drugs can cause weight loss, while others can cause weight gain.
Social conditions
Social conditions such as poverty, social isolation and the inability to obtain or prepare a favored diet can lead to unintentional weight loss, and this may be very common in the elderly. Nutrition intake can also be influenced by culture, family and belief systems. Dentures that do not fit and other dental or oral health problems can also affect nutritional adequacy.
The loss of hope, status or social contact and spiritual pressure can lead to depression, which may be related to reduced nutrition, as well as fatigue.
Myth
Some of the popular beliefs that are associated with weight loss have been shown to have less impact on weight loss as is commonly believed or is actively unhealthy. According to Harvard Health, the idea of ​​metabolism as a "key to weight" is "part truth and part myth" while metabolism has an impact on weight loss, external forces like diet and exercise have an equal impact. They also comment that the idea of ​​changing one's metabolic rate is being debated. Diet plans in fitness magazines are also often believed to be effective, but can actually be harmful by limiting the daily intake of calories and essential nutrients that can be detrimental depending on the person and even able to encourage individuals away from weight loss.
Health effects
Obesity increases health risks, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, to name a few. Reducing obesity lowers these risks.
Weight loss of 1 kg has been associated with a drop in blood pressure of about 1-mmHg.
See also
References
External links
- Weight loss in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Health benefits of weight loss By IQWiG in PubMed Health
- U.S. Weight Control Information Network National Institutes of Health
- Nutrition in cancer care By NCI in PubMed Health
- Unintentional weight loss
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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