In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is a mental discomfort (psychological pressure) experienced by a person who simultaneously holds two or more conflicting beliefs, ideas, or values. The occurrence of cognitive dissonance is a consequence of someone performing acts contrary to personal beliefs, ideals, and values; and also occurs when confronted with new information that conflicts with beliefs, ideals, and values.
In Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957), Leon Festinger proposes that humans seek for internal psychological consistency to function mentally in the real world. A person who experiences internal inconsistencies tends to be psychologically uncomfortable, and so motivated to reduce cognitive dissonance, by making changes to justify the behavior of stress, either by adding new parts to cognition causing psychological dissonance, or by actively avoiding social situations and information the contradictory tend to increase the magnitude of cognitive dissonance.
Video Cognitive dissonance
Relationship between cognition
To function in the reality of modern society, humans continue to adjust their corresponding mental attitudes and personal actions; such constant adjustment, between cognition and action, results in one of three relationships with reality:
- Consonant relationships: Two cognitions or actions consistent with one another (eg not wanting to get drunk at dinner, and ordering water instead of wine)
- Irrelevant relationship: Two cognitions or actions unrelated to each other (eg not wanting to get drunk when out, and wearing a T-shirt)
- Dissonant relationship: Two cognitions or actions that are inconsistent with each other (eg not wanting to get drunk when out, but then drinking more wine)
Dissonance magnitude
The reduction in the psychological pressure of cognitive dissonance is a function of the magnitude of dissonance caused by existential inconsistencies, between two conflicting beliefs held by that person; or by the contradiction between one's beliefs and the actions he has taken. Two factors determine the level of psychological dissonance caused by two conflicting cognitions or by two conflicting actions:
- The importance of cognition: The greater the personal value of the elements, the greater the amount of dissonance in the relation.
- Cognition rate: Proportion of dissonant-to-consonant element.
Maps Cognitive dissonance
Reduction
The theory of cognitive dissonance suggests that people seek psychological consistency between their personal expectations of life and the existential reality of the world. To function in the hope of existential consistency, people continually reduce their cognitive dissonance to align their cognition (world perception) with their actions.
The creation and formation of psychological consistency allows a person suffering from cognitive dissonance to reduce his mental stress by acting that reduces the magnitude of dissonance, well realized by altering with or by justifying, or by being indifferent to existential contradictions that are driving mental stress. In practice, people reduce the magnitude of their cognitive dissonance in four ways:
- Changing behavior or cognition ("I will not eat this donut again.")
- Correct behavior or cognition, by changing conflicting cognitions ("I'm allowed to cheat my diet occasionally.")
- Correct behavior or cognition by adding new cognitions ("I'll spend an extra thirty minutes in the gym to work on donuts.")
- Ignoring or rejecting information that conflicts with existing beliefs ("This donut is not a high sugar meal.")
That consistent psychology is required for functioning in the real world is also shown in the results of The Psychology of Prejudice (2006), where people facilitate its function in the real world by using human categories (ie sex and gender, age and race , etc.) by which they manage their social interactions with others.
Likewise, studies of Confidence Reduction of Cognitive Dysfunction Among Smokers: The Longitudinal Analysis of the International Tobacco Tobacco Control Survey (ITC) (2012) suggests that smokers use justified beliefs to reduce their cognitive dissonance of smoking tobacco and the negative consequences of smoking tobacco.
- Continue smokers (Smoking and no attempt to quit since the previous round of studies.)
- Successful shutdown (Stopped during research and did not use tobacco from the time of previous research rounds.)
- Failed arrivals (Stopped during research, but relapse of smoking at the time of the study.)
To reduce cognitive dissonance, participant smokers adjust their beliefs to adjust to their actions: Functional beliefs ("Smoking calms me when I'm stressed or upset." "Smoking helps me concentrate better"; "Smoking is an important part of my life." and "Smoking makes it easier for me to socialize. ")
Paradigm
There are four theoretical paradigms of cognitive dissonance, the mental stress that people suffer when faced with conflicting information that is inconsistent with previous beliefs, ideals, or values; (i) Confidence in Conflicts of Faith, (ii) Indibed Compliance, (iii) Free Choice, and (iv) Justification Efforts; each of which explains: what happens after a person acts inconsistently, relative to an earlier intellectual perspective; what happens after a person makes a decision; and what effect it has on someone who has spent so much effort to achieve a goal. Common to every paradigm of cognitive dissonance theory is the principle: People who are invested in a given perspective must - when confronted with confusing evidence - put out a great effort to justify maintaining a challenging perspective.
Confirmation conflicts
Disconfirmation of a belief, ideal, or system of values ​​leads to cognitive dissonance that can be solved by changing beliefs under contradiction; but instead of influencing change, the resulting mental stress returns the psychological consonant to that person, with a misperception, a rejection, or a refutation of contradiction; seeking moral support from people who share conflicting beliefs; or act to persuade others that the contradiction is not real.
The initial hypothesis of disconfirmation beliefs is presented at When Prophecy Fails (1956) reports that faith is deepened among members of apocalyptic religious sects, though failed prophecies from foreign spacecraft soon land on Earth, to save them from worldly corruption. In the place and time specified, the cult gathered; they believe that only those who will survive the destruction of the planet; but the spacecraft did not reach Earth. Unclear prophecies cause them acute cognitive disimon: Are they falling victim to trickery? Are they in vain to donate their material goods? To resolve this discrepancy, between apocalyptic religious beliefs, the end of the world and the material worldly reality, most cults recover their psychological consonants by choosing to hold back the mentally inefficient idea of ​​explaining the missed landing. That aliens have given planet Earth a second chance that exists, which, in turn, empowers them to redirect their religious cult to environmentalism; social advocacy to end human damage to planet Earth. Moreover, after overcoming uncertain beliefs by changing the global environment, the cult increased in number, by successful proselytism.
The study of The Rebbe, the Messiah, and Scandal of Orthodox Indifference (2008) reported disconfirmation beliefs going to a Jewish Orthodox Jewish congregation who believed that their Rebbe (Menachem) Mendel Schneerson) was the Messiah. However, when he died of a stroke in 1994, instead of accepting that their Rebbe was not the Messiah, some congregations proved unconcerned with contradictory facts and continued to claim that Schneerson was the Messiah, and that he would soon return from the dead..
Induced compliance
In the Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (1959), Festinger researchers and Merrill Carlsmith ask students to spend an hour doing dull tasks; eg rotating a quarter-turn peg, with fixed intervals. These tasks are designed to encourage strong and negative mental attitudes in the subjects. After the subjects did the task, the researchers asked a group of subjects to talk to other subjects (an actor) and persuade the swindler that the tedious task was interesting and interesting. The subject of one group is paid twenty dollars ($ 20); those in the second group are paid a dollar ($ 1); and those in the control group were not asked to speak to the subject of a fraud.
At the end of the study, when asked to rate a tedious task, the subject of the second group (paid $ 1) rated the task more positively than the subject in the first group (paid $ 20) and than the control group subject; the response of the paid subject is evidence of cognitive dissonance. The researchers, Festinger and Carlsmith, propose that subjects experience dissonance, between conflicting cognitions: "I told someone that the task was interesting" and "I'm really bored." In addition, subjects who are paid a dollar are encouraged to comply, are forced to internalize the mental attitude of "an interesting task" because they have no other justification. Subjects paid twenty dollars are encouraged to obey through clear external justification to internalize the mental attitude of "interesting task" and, thus, experience lower levels of cognitive dissonance.
- Paradigm Forbidden Behavior
In the Effect of Threat Severity on the Devaluation of Behavioral Behavior <1963>, the variant of compliance-paradigm, by Elliot Aronson and Carlsmith, tested the self-justification of children. In the experiment, children were left in a room with a variety of toys, including a highly desirable steam shovel, a forbidden toy. Upon leaving the room, the experiment told half of the children's group that there would be severe penalties if they played with a steam shovel toy; and informed the second half of the group that there would be light penalties for playing with illicit toys. All children refrain from playing with forbidden toys (steam shovels).
Then, when the children were told they could freely play with whatever toys they wanted, the children in the mild punishment group were less likely to play with a steam shovel (toy), despite the abolition of the threat of severe punishment. Children who are threatened with light sentences should justify, for themselves, why they are not playing with illicit toys. The degree of punishment, in itself, is not strong enough to resolve their cognitive dissonance; children should convince themselves that playing with forbidden toys is not worth the effort.
In The Effect of Musical Emotions Fueled by Mozart's Music for Reconciliation Cognitive Dissonance (2012), a variant of the forbidden-toy paradigm, shows that listening to music reduces the development of cognitive dissonance. Without music in the background, a control group of four-year-olds is told to avoid playing with illicit toys. After playing alone, the control group's children subsequently devalued the importance of illicit toys; However, in the variable group, classical music is played in the background, while the children play on their own. In the group, children do not subsequently devalue the illicit toy. The researchers, Nobuo Masataka and Leonid Perlovsky, concluded that music can inhibit cognition that reduces cognitive dissonance.
In addition, music is a stimulus that can reduce post-decisional dissonance; in previous experiments, Washing Away Postdecisional Dissonance (2010), the researchers showed that handwashing may inhibit cognition that reduces cognitive dissonance.
Free choice
In this study the post-Decision Change in Desirability of Alternatives (1956) 225 female students assessed a series of household appliances and were then asked to choose one of two tools as gifts. The results of the second round of ratings show that female students improve their ranking of the household appliances they choose as gifts and lower their ratings from the equipment they reject.
This type of cognitive dissonance occurs in a person faced with a difficult decision, where there is always an aspect of a rejected object unselected, which appeals to the person making the choice. The act of deciding provokes psychological dissonance by choosing X instead of Y, although a slight difference between X and Y; thus, the decision "I choose X" is incompatible with the cognition that "There are some aspects of Y that I like." In addition, the study of Choice-induced Preferences in the Absence of Choice: Evidence from the Two-Choice Paradigm Blind with Young Child and Capuchin Monkeys (2010) reported similar results in the occurrence of cognitive dissonance in humans and in animals.
Peer Effects in Pro-Social Behavior: Social Norms or Social Preferences? (2013) suggests that, in addition to internal considerations, the arrangement of decisions among people can affect how individuals act individually. It's social preference and related social norms, and works in line with wage payments among three people. The first person's actions affect the second-person wage action. Dislikes of inequality are the most important concerns of the participants.
Justification of business
Cognitive dissonance occurs to a person when he or she voluntarily engages in an unpleasant activity physically or in an attempt to achieve the desired goal. The mental stress caused by dissonance can be reduced by the person who exaggerates the desire of the goal. In the Influence of Severity of Initiation on Liking for Groups (1956), to qualify for entry into the discussion group, two groups of people underwent embarrassing initiation, from various psychological levels. The first group of subjects should read aloud twelve sexual words that are considered obscene; the second group of subjects read aloud twelve sexual words that are considered obscene.
The two groups were then given headphones without subconsciously listening to the recorded discussions about animal sexual behavior, which the researchers designed to be boring and shallow. As the subjects of the experiment, groups of people were told that discussion of sexuality actually took place in the next room. Subjects whose initiative needs to read aloud the obscene words evaluate the people of their group as being more interesting than those from the group who underwent light initiation to the discussion group.
In addition, in Washing Your Sins: Threatened Morality and Physical Cleansing (2006), the results show that a person who washes his hands is an action that helps solve post-decisional cognitive dissonance because mental stress is usually caused by disgust one's morals, which are the emotions associated with physical disgust caused by a filthy environment.
Likewise, the study of The Neural Basis of Rationalization: Reduction of Cognitive Dissonance During Decision Making (2011) shows that participants rated 80 names and 80 paintings based on how much they liked their names and paintings. To give meaning to the decision, participants are asked to choose a name they may give their children. To assess the painting, participants are asked to base their ratings on whether they will display art at home or not.
The results show that when the decision is meaningful to the person determining the value, the rank of probability is based on his or her attitude (positive, neutral, or negative) on the name and on the painting in question. Participants were also asked to rate multiple objects twice and believed that, by the end of the session, they would receive two paintings that they rated positively. The results show a large increase in the participants' positive attitudes toward favored couples, while also improving the negative attitudes toward unpopular couples. Double ranking of the pairs of things, in which the rating participant has a neutral attitude, did not show any changes during the assessment period. Therefore, the existing attitudes of the participants were reinforced during the appraisal period, and the participants experienced cognitive dissonance when confronted with nameless names paired with unfavorable paintings.
Example
Change and Wine
The Fox and the Grapes tale, by Aesop, is an example of cognitive dissonance and reduction of dissonance by subversion of rationality. A fox spies on a wine hanging high and wants to eat it. When it can not reach the grapes, the fox decides the fruit is not worth eating, and he justifies his decision by claiming himself that the grape is likely sour, because it is raw.
The moral of the tale is that "a fool can hate what he can not get"; then the popular phrase about rejecting the failed goal as "unimportant" is the expression of sour grapes. The pattern of psychological behavior illustrated in the tale of "The Fox and the Grapes" shows that: When one wants something and finds that it can not be achieved, it reduces the resulting cognitive dissonance by criticizing the object of desire as worthless; The word behavioral pattern is "the formation of adaptive preferences" that allows people to subvert rationality.
Unpleasant medical playback
In this study, Cognitive Dissonance and Attitudes Toward Unpleasant Medical Examination (2016), researchers Michael R. Ent and Mary A Gerend informed study participants about an unpleasant test for a particular virus (fictitious) called "human respiratory virus-27 ". The study used a fake virus to prevent participants from thoughts, opinions, and feelings about the virus that would interfere with the experiment. The study participants were in two groups; one group was told that they were the real candidates for the 27-virus test, and the second group was told they were not candidates for the test. The researchers report, "We estimate that participants [those] who thought they were candidates for an unpleasant test would experience dissonance related to knowing that the test was both unpleasant and in their best interest - this dissonance was predicted to result in a bad attitude. toward the exam. "
Related phenomena
Cognitive dissonance can also occur when people search for:
- Explain the unexplained feelings: When an earthquake strikes happen to the community, irrational rumors, based on fear, quickly reach neighboring communities unaffected by the disaster because the people, not in physical, psychological justify their anxiety about earthquakes.
- Minimize remorse over irrevocable options: In the hippodrome, bettors are more confident after betting on their chosen horse just before the post-time because this confidence prevents a change of heart; the bettor feels cognitive dissonance after the decision.
- Correct behavior that defies their views: After being persuaded to cheat in academic examinations, students are judged to be less rude cheats.
- Aligning a person's perception of a person with a person's behavior toward that person: Ben Franklin's effect refers to the statesman's observation that acts of doing good for the rival lead to an increase in positive feelings toward the individual.
- Reaffirm confidence: The confirmation bias identifies how people easily read information that confirms their established opinion and easily avoids reading information that conflicts with their opinion. A confirmatory bias is seen when a person faces a firmly held political conviction, that is, when a person is deeply committed to his beliefs, values, and ideas.
Apps
Education
Management of cognitive dissonance easily affects a student's motivation to pursue education. Research Changing Play into Work: The Effects of Adult Oversight and Extrinsic Gifts on the Intrinsic Motivation of Children (1975) indicates that the application of the justification paradigm attempts to increase students' enthusiasm for education with an external reward offer for learning; students in preschool who complete puzzles based on adult gift promises are then less interested in puzzles than students who complete puzzle assignments without a gift promise.
The incorporation of cognitive dissonance into the basic learning process model to foster students' self-awareness of the psychological conflicts between their personal beliefs, ideals, and values ​​as well as the facts and facts of contradictory information, requires students to maintain their personal beliefs. After that, the students are trained to objectively view new facts and information to solve the psychological stresses of the conflict between reality and the student value system. In addition, educational software that implements inherited principles facilitates students' ability to successfully handle the questions posed in complex subjects. Meta-analysis studies show that psychological interventions that provoke cognitive dissonance to achieve conceptual change are geared toward improving student learning in reading and science skills.
Psychotherapy
The general effectiveness of psychotherapy and psychological intervention is partly explained by the theory of cognitive dissonance. In that case, social psychology proposes that the patient's mental health is positively influenced by him and his actions in choosing a particular therapy freely and in exerting the therapeutic effort necessary to overcome cognitive dissonance. It was an effective phenomenon shown in the results of the Study of Choice Effects on Behavioral Behavior of Overweight Children (1983), in which the belief of children that they are free to choose the type of therapy received, resulting in every child who is overweight excessive weight loss.
In this study Reduces Fear and Increases Attention: The Role of Dissonance Reduction (1980), people suffering from ophidiophobia (fear of snakes) who invest much effort in their little therapeutic value activity (experimentally represented as legitimate and relevant ) showed an increase in the alleviation of their phobic symptoms. Likewise, the results of Cognitive Dysfunction and Psychotherapy: The Role of Justification of Weight-Loss Efforts (1985) shows that patients feel better in justifying their efforts and therapeutic options for effective weight loss. That business expenditure therapy can predict long-term changes in patient perceptions.
Social behavior
Cognitive dissonance is used to promote positive social behavior, such as increased condom use; other research suggests that cognitive dissonance can be used to encourage people to act pro-socially, such as campaigns against public waste, campaigns against racial prejudice, and adherence to anti-speeding campaigns. This theory can also be used to explain the reasons for donating to a charity. Cognitive dissonance can be applied in the social sphere such as racism and racial hatred. Acharya from Stanford, Blackwell and Sen from the Harvard state CD increases when someone commits violence against someone from a different ethnic or racial group and declines when the individual does not commit such acts of violence. Research from Acharya, Blackwell and Sen shows that individuals who commit violence against other group members will develop hostile attitudes toward their victims as a means of minimizing CDs. Importantly, hostile attitudes can persist even after violence itself declines (Acharya, Blackwell, Sen 2015). This application provides a social psychological basis for a constructivist viewpoint that ethnic and racial divisions can be socially or individually constructed, possibly from violent acts (Fearon and Laitin, 2000). Their framework speaks for this possibility by demonstrating how individual acts of violence can influence an individual's attitude, either ethnic or racial animosity (Acharya, Blackwell, Sen 2015).
Consumer behavior
There are three main conditions for provoking cognitive dissonance when purchasing: (i) The decision to buy should be important, such as the amount of money spent; (ii) psychological costs; and (iii) Personal purchases are relevant to consumers. Consumers are free to choose from alternatives, and the decision to buy can not be changed.
This Study Beyond Reference Pricing: Understanding Consumer Meetings at Unexpected Rates (2003), indicates that when consumers experience unexpected price encounters, they adopt three methods to reduce cognitive dissonance: (i) Employing information strategies continously; (ii) Employing a change in attitude; and (iii) Engage in minimization. Consumers use sustainable information strategies by engaging in biases and seeking information that supports previous beliefs. Consumers may seek information about other retailers and replacement products consistent with their beliefs. Alternatively, the consumer may change attitudes, such as re-evaluating prices in relation to external reference prices or linking high prices and low prices with quality. Minimizing reduces the importance of dissonance elements; consumers tend to minimize the importance of money, and thus shop around, save, and find a better deal.
Politics
The theory of cognitive dissonance may indicate that since sound is an expression of preference or belief, even voting actions can cause a person to defend candidate action for whom they vote, and if the decision is close then the effect of cognitive dissonance must be greater.
This effect was studied during the six US presidential elections between 1972 and 1996, and it was found that the disagreements between candidates changed more before and after the election than the non-voting differences of opinion. In addition, elections in which voters have favorable attitudes toward both candidates, make choices more difficult, have candidates' differences of opinion change more dramatically than those with only a favorable opinion from one candidate. What is not studied is the effect of cognitive dissonance in cases where the person has an unfavorable attitude towards both candidates. Since the 2016 US election held a historically unfavorable high rank for both candidates, this will be a good case study to examine the effects of cognitive dissonance in these examples.
Alternate paradigm
Self-perception theory
In the Gestalt Motivation Theory (1960), social psychologist Daryl Bem proposed a theory of self-perception where people did not think much about their attitudes, even when engaging in conflict with others. Self-perception theory proposes that people develop attitudes by observing their own behavior, and conclude that their attitudes lead to behaviors observed by self-perception; especially true when internal cues are either ambiguous or weak. Therefore, the person is in the same position as the observer who must rely on external cues to infer his mental condition. Self-perception theory proposes that people adopt an attitude without access to their moods and cognitions.
Thus, the experimental subjects of the Festinger and Carlsmith studies ( Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance , 1959) summed up their mental attitude from their own behavior. When the subject participants were asked: "Do you find the job interesting?", Participants decided that they must think the job was interesting, because that's what they said to the questioner. Their replies indicate that participants who are paid twenty dollars have an external incentive to adopt that positive attitude, and seem to regard twenty dollars as an excuse to say the job is interesting, rather than to say that the task is actually interesting.
Self-perception theory (Bem) and cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger) make identical predictions, but only cognitive dissonance theory predicts the presence of unfavorable arousal, psychological pressure, verified in laboratory experiments.
In the Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Current Perspectives (1969), Elliot Aronson connects cognitive dissonance to the self-concept: That mental stress arises when conflict between cognitions threatens a person's positive self-image. This reinterpretation of the original Festinger and Carlsmith studies, using an induction-induction paradigm, suggests that dissonance is between cognition "I am an honest person." and "I lied about finding an interesting job."
Study Cognitive Dissonance: Personal Rationation or Public Watch? (1971) reported that maintaining cognitive consistency, rather than protecting the self-concept of self, is how one protects the image of oneself in public. In addition, the results reported in this study No Longer Torn After Choice: How Explicitly Implied Options Forms the Preference of Unintentional Odor (2010) contradicts such an explanation, by indicating the revaluation of material goods , after the person chooses and decides, even after forgetting his choice.
The balance theory
Fritz Heider proposed a theory of attitude change motivation that functions on the idea that humans are encouraged to build and maintain a psychological balance. This impulse is known as the motive of consistency - the drive to maintain one's values ​​and beliefs over time. According to the theory of equilibrium there are three things that interact: (1) You (P), (2) others (O), and (3) elements (X). These are each positioned at one point of the triangle and share two relationships:
- Unit relations - things and people belonging together based on similarity, closeness, destiny, etc.
- Sentiments - evaluation of people and things (likes, dislikes)
As humans, humans seek a balanced relationship between three positions; 3 positive or 2 negative, 1 positive:
P = you O = John X = John's Dog
-
- "I do not like John"
- "John has a dog"
- "I do not like dogs"
People also avoid unbalanced relationships; 3 negative or 2 positive, 1 negative)
P = you O = your son X = drawing your child drawing
-
- "I love my son"
- "He drew me this picture"
- "I like this picture"
Cost-benefit analysis
In a study on the Utility of Public Works Utility (1969), Jules Dupuit reports that behavior and cognition can be understood from an economic perspective, where people engage in a systematic process comparing the costs and benefits of decisions. The psychological process of cost-benefit comparison helps people to assess and justify the feasibility (spending of money) of economic decisions, and is the basis for determining whether benefits outweigh the costs, and to what extent. Moreover, although the method of cost-benefit analysis function in economic circumstances, men and women remain psychologically inefficient in comparing costs to the benefits of their economic decisions.
The self-discrepancy theory
E. Tory Higgins proposes that people have three selves, in which they compare themselves:
- The real self - a representation of the attributes that the believer owns himself (basic self-concept)
- Ideal self - ideal attributes someone wants to have (hope, aspiration, motivation to change)
- The supposed self - the ideal attribute a person believes he or she should have (duty, obligation, responsibility)
When these self-guides are contradictory psychological contradictions (cognitive dissonance) results. People are motivated to reduce self-discrepancy (the gap between two self-guides).
Consequences vs. vs. inconsistency
During the 1980s, Cooper and Fazio argued that dissonance was caused by unpleasant consequences, rather than inconsistencies. According to this interpretation, the belief that lying is wrong and painful, not inconsistencies between cognitions, is what makes people feel bad. Subsequent research, however, found that people experience dissonance even when they feel they have done nothing wrong. For example, Harmon-Jones and colleagues point out that people experience dissonance even when the consequences of their statements are beneficial - such as when they persuade sexually active students to use condoms, when they themselves do not use condoms.
Criticism of the option-free paradigm
In the study How Choice Affects and Reflects Preferences: Reviewing the Choice-Free Paradigm (2010) researchers criticize the free-choice paradigm as invalid, because ranking-choice-ranking methods are inaccurate for cognitive dissonance research. That the design of the research model relies on the assumption that, if the experimental subject level option differs in the second survey, the subject's attitude to the options has changed. That there is another reason why an experimental subject can achieve a different ranking in the second survey; may be an indifferent subject among the options.
Although the results of some follow-up research (eg Does Choice Affect Preferences? Some Doubts and New Evidence , 2013) present evidence of unreliable rank-choice-ranking methods, research results such as Correlation The Neural of Cognitive Dysfunction and Choice-Induced Preference Changes (2010) have not found the Choice-Rank-Choice method to be invalid, and shows that making choices can change a person's preferences.
Motivation model of action
The action-motivation model proposes that inconsistencies in a person's cognition lead to mental stress, since psychological inconsistencies interfere with one's function in the real world. Among the ways to overcome, the person may choose to engage in behavior inconsistent with his current attitude (belief, ideal, value system), but then try to convert that belief into consonant with current behavior; Cognitive dissonance occurs when a person's cognition is incompatible with the action taken. If the person changes his current attitude, after the dissonance takes place, he is then obliged to take the action.
The occurrence of cognitive dissonance results in a state of negative influence, which motivates people to reconsider causative behavior, to resolve the psychological inconsistencies that cause mental stress. When a person suffering works towards behavioral commitment, the motivational process is then activated in the left frontal cortex of the brain.
Neuroscience findings
Visualization
Neural Activity Studies Predicting Attitudinal Change in Cognitive Dissonance (2009) identifies cognitive dissonance nerve bases with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); the participant's nerve scan replicates the basic findings of the induced-paradigm paradigm. While in fMRI scanners, some study participants argued that the uncomfortable mechanical environment of the MRI machine remained a pleasant experience for them; some participants, from the experimental group, said they enjoyed the mechanical environment of fMRI scanners rather than control group participants (fee actors) who argued about the uncomfortable experimental environment.
The results of the neural scanning experiments support the original theory of Cognitive Dissonance proposed by Festinger in 1957; and also supports psychological conflict theory, in which anterior cingulate function, in counter-attitudinal response, to activate the anterior dorsal cingulate cortex and the anterior insular cortex; the level of activation of these brain regions is predicted by the rate of change in the person's psychological attitude.
As an application of the free choice paradigm, studies of How Choice and Expected Hedonist Expected Results (2009) show that after making choices, the neural activity in the striatum changes to reflect the new evaluation of the person. choice objects; Nerve activity increases if the object is selected, nerve activity decreases if object is rejected. In addition, studies such as the Basics of Neural Rationalization: Reduction of Cognitive Dissonance During Decision Making (2010) and How Options Modify Preferences: Neural Correlation of Justification Options (2011) confirm the psychological nerve basis cognitive dissonance.
Basic Neural Rationalization: Reduction of Cognitive Dissonance During Decision Making (2010) implements a free choice paradigm for fMRI examination of brain decision processes while study participants are actively trying to reduce cognitive dissonance. The results suggest that active reduction of psychological dissonance increases neural activity in the right-inferior frontal gyrus, in the medial fronto-parietal region, and in the ventral striatum, and that nerve activity decreases in the anterior insula. That the activities of nerve rationalization take place within seconds, without the conscious consideration of that person's side; and that the brain is involved in an emotional response when influencing decisions.
Emotional correlation
Results Reported in The Contribution of Research on Anger and Cognitive Dissonance to Understanding Motivation Functions of Asymmetric Frontal Brain Activity (2004) suggests that the occurrence of cognitive dissonance is associated with neural activity in the left frontal cortex, the brain structure also associated with anger emotions; Moreover, functionally, anger motivates the nervous activity in the left frontal cortex. Applying the Motivational Approach Approach, the Anger and System Behavioral Approach approach (2003) shows that the relationship between cognitive dissonance and anger is supported by neural activity in the left frontal cortex that occurs when one controls a social situation that causes cognitive dissonance. Conversely, if the person can not control or can not change a psychologically stressful situation, he has no motivation to change the situation, then another negative emotion arises to manage cognitive dissonance, such as socially inappropriate behavior.
The anterior cingulate cortex activity increases when errors occur and are monitored and have behavioral conflicts with self-concept as higher-order thinking. A study was conducted to test the prediction that the left frontal cortex will increase activity. Students should write papers depending on whether they are assigned to a high-choice or low-choice condition. The low-choice conditions require students to write about supporting a 10% increase in tuition fees at their university. The essence of this condition is to see how significant opposite sounds can affect a person's ability to overcome them. The high-choice conditions ask students to write in favor of an increase in tuition as if it were their choice and it's completely voluntary. EEG is used to analyze students before writing essays as the highest dissonance during this time (Beauvois and Joule, 1996). Participants in high-choice conditions show higher rates of left frontal cortex than low-choice participants. The results show that the initial experience of dissonance can be seen in the anterior cingulate cortex, then the left frontal cortex is activated, which also activates the system's motivational approach to reduce anger.
Psychology of mental stress
The results are reported in The Origin of Cognitive Dissonance: Evidence from Children and Monkeys (2007) suggests that there may be an evolutionary force behind the reduction of cognitive dissonance in the actions of pre-school children and Capuchin monkeys when offered a choice between two options like, decals and candy. Groups are then offered new options, between unselected selection objects and new choice objects that are as interesting as the first object. The resulting choice of humans and simian subjects corresponds to the theory of cognitive dissonance when children and monkeys each choose an object-selected novel instead of an unselected selection object in the first selection, even though each object has the same value..
The Hypothesis Dissonance-Based Disconance Model (2015) proposes that psychological dissonance occurs as a result of mind stimulation that interferes with goal-driven behavior. Researchers mapped out participant neural activity when performing tasks that provoke psychological stress when engaging in contradictory behavior. A participant read aloud the print name of a color. To test for the occurrence of cognitive dissonance, color names are printed in different colors than words read by participants. As a result, participants experienced an increase in nerve activity in the anterior cingulate cortex when experimental exercise provoked psychological dissonance.
Cognitive Neuroscience of Social Emotions and Implications for Psychopathology (2014) identifies nerve correlations with specific social emotions (eg, envy and shame) as a measure of cognitive dissonance. Neural activity for emotions Envy (feelings of dislike for the good fortune of others) is found to attract neural activity from the anterior dorsal cingulate cortex. That increased activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex occurs either when a person's self-concept is threatened or when the person experiences shame (social pain) caused by prominent social comparisons, upward, by social class pride. Social emotions, such as shame, guilt, jealousy, and Schadenfreude (the joy of others' misfortune) correlate with reduced activity in the insular lobe, and with increased activity in the striat nuclei; these neurological activities are associated with a diminished sense of empathy (social responsibility) and an increased tendency toward antisocial behavior (delinquency).
Model in a neural network
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments