The African economy consists of commerce, industry, agriculture, and human resources on the continent. In 2012, about 1.07 billion people live in 54 different countries in Africa. Africa is a resource-rich continent. The recent growth is due to growth in commodity, service and manufacturing sales. Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, is expected to reach GDP of $ 29 trillion by 2050.
In March 2013, Africa was identified as the world's poorest inhabited continent: Overall African GDP is almost a third of the GDP of the United States; However, the World Bank expects that most African countries will achieve "middle income" status (defined at least US $ 1,000 per person per year) by 2025 if current growth rates continue. By 2013, Africa is the fastest growing continent in the world with 5.6% per year, and GDP is expected to rise by an average of more than 6% per year between 2013 and 2023. In 2017, the African Development Bank reports Africa into a world economy grew the second fastest, and predicted that the average growth would rebound to 3.4% in 2017, while growth is expected to increase by 4.3% by 2018.
Growth has been present across the continent, with more than a third of Sub-Saharan African countries posting a growth rate of 6% or higher, and another 40% growing between 4% to 6% per year. Some international business observers also call Africa a future economic growth engine of the world.
Video Economy of Africa
Histori
The African economy is diverse, driven by the extensive expanding trade routes between the city and the kingdom. Some of the trade routes are done by land, some involving river navigation, others developing around the port cities. The great kingdoms of Africa became rich because of their trading networks, such as Ancient Egypt, Nubia, Mali, Ashanti, and Oyo Empire.
Some parts of Africa have close trade ties with the Arab kingdoms, and during the Ottoman Empire, Africans began converting to Islam in large numbers. This development, along with the economic potential in finding trade routes to the Indian Ocean, brought the Portuguese into sub-Saharan Africa as an imperial power. Colonial interests created a new industry to feed European appetites for goods such as palm oil, rubber, cotton, precious metals, spices, agricultural products and other goods, and integrated primarily coastal areas with the Atlantic economy.
After the independence of African countries during the 20th century, economic, political and social upheaval spends most of the continent. An economic rebound among some countries has been proven in recent years.
The dawning of Africa's economic boom (which has occurred since the 2000s) has been compared to the Chinese economic boom that has emerged in Asia since the late 1970s. In 2013, Africa is home to seven of the world's fastest growing economies.
In 2016, Nigeria is the largest economy, followed by South Africa, with the Egyptian economy scrambling and suffering from recent political upheavals. Equatorial Guinea has the highest GDP per capita in Africa despite allegations of human rights abuses. Oil-rich countries like Algeria, Libya and Gabon, and mineral-rich Botswana emerge among the top economies since the 21st century, while Zimbabwe and the Democratic Republic of Congo, potentially among the world's richest countries, have drowned into the list of the world's poorest countries due to rampant political corruption, warfare and braindrain labor. Botswana remains the longest place in Africa and one of the longest periods of the world in the economic boom (1966-1999).
Maps Economy of Africa
Current condition
The UN predicts African economic growth will reach 3.5% in 2018 and 3.7% in 2019. In 2007, growth in Africa has surpassed East Asia. The data shows parts of the continent now experiencing rapid growth, thanks to their resources and increased political stability and 'has increased the level of peace since 2007'. The World Bank reports that the economies of the Sub-Saharan African countries are growing at a level that suits or exceeds the global level. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the increase of aggregate growth in the region is largely due to the recovery in Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa, the three largest economies in Africa.
Africa's fastest-growing economies have grown significantly above the global average level. The top nations in 2007 included Mauritania with 19.8% growth, Angola 17.6%, Sudan 9.6%, Mozambique 7.9% and Malawi 7.8%. Other fast farmers include Rwanda, Mozambique, Chad, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia. Despite this, growth has been bleak, negative or sluggish in many parts of Africa including Zimbabwe, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo and Burundi. Many international agencies are increasingly interested in investing in developing countries in Africa. especially as Africa continues to maintain high economic growth despite the current global economic recession. The current rate of return on investment in Africa is the highest in the developing world.
Debt removal is being handled by several international agencies for the sake of supporting economic development in Africa. In 1996, the UN sponsored the Great Poor State (HIPC) initiative, which was subsequently adopted by the IMF, the World Bank and the African Development Fund (AFDF) in the form of a Multilateral Debt Initiative (MDRI). In 2013, the initiative has provided partial debt relief to 30 African countries.
Trading growth
Trade has driven much of Africa's economic growth at the beginning of the 21st century. China and India are increasingly important trading partners; 12.5% ​​of Africa's exports to China, and 4% to India, which accounts for 5% of China's imports and 8% of India. Group Five (Indonesia, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and United Arab Emirates) is another increasingly important market for African exports.
Future
The African economy - with the expansion of trade, English proficiency (official in many Sub-Saharan countries), increasing literacy and education, availability of good resources and cheaper labor - is expected to continue to perform better in the future. Trade between Africa and China reached US $ 166 billion in 2011.
Africa will only experience a "demographic bonus" by 2035, as a young and growing labor force will have fewer children and retirees as dependents as part of the population, making it more demographically comparable to the US and Europe. It becomes a more educated workforce, with nearly half expected to have secondary education by 2020. Consumer classes also appear in Africa and are expected to continue booming. Africa has about 90 million people with household incomes exceeding $ 5,000, which means that they can drive more than half of their income toward discretionary spending rather than necessity. This amount could reach 128 million projected by 2020.
During the visit of US President Barack Obama to Africa in July 2013, he announced a $ 7 billion plan to further develop infrastructure and work more intensively with African heads of state. A new program called Trade Africa, designed to increase trade on the continent as well as between Africa and the US, was also unveiled by Obama.
Causes of economic underdevelopment for years
The seemingly difficult nature of African poverty has led to a debate about the main cause. Endemic wars and riots, widespread corruption, and despotic regimes are the cause and effect of continuing economic problems. The decolonization of Africa is full of instability compounded by the cold war conflict. Since the mid-20th century, the Cold War and rising corruption and despotism have also contributed to a poor African economy.
Infrastructure
According to researchers at the Overseas Development Institute, the lack of infrastructure in many developing countries is one of the most significant constraints to economic growth and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Investment and maintenance of infrastructure can be very expensive, especially in areas such as landlocked, rural and sparsely populated countries in Africa.
It has been argued that infrastructure investment contributed to more than half of Africa's growth performance growth between 1990 and 2005 and increased investment needed to sustain growth and overcome poverty. The return on investment in infrastructure is significant, with an average return of 30-40% for telecommunication investment (ICT), over 40% for power generation, and 80% for roads.
In Africa, it is said that to meet the MDGs by 2015, infrastructure investment will need to reach about 15% of GDP (about $ 93 billion per year). Currently, funding sources vary significantly across sectors. Some sectors are dominated by state expenditures, others by overseas development assistance (ODA) and others by private investors. In sub-Saharan Africa, the country spends about $ 9.4 billion out of a total of $ 24.9 billion.
In irrigation, SSA countries represent almost all expenditures; in transportation and energy, most investment is state expenditure; in Information technology and communications and water supply and sanitation, the private sector represents most of the capital expenditure. Overall, aid, private sector and non-OECD investors among them exceed state expenditures. Private sector spending alone is the same as state capital expenditures, although the majority focuses on ICT infrastructure investment. External financing increased from $ 7 billion (2002) to $ 27 billion (2009). China, in particular, has emerged as an important investor.
Colonialism
The economic impact of African colonization has been disputed. In this case, the biased opinion among researchers, some of them assume that Europe has a positive impact on Africa; others assert that African development was slowed by the colonial government. The main purpose of colonial rule in Africa by European colonial powers was to exploit the natural wealth on the African continent at low cost. Some authors, such as Walter Rodney in his book How Europe Underdeveloped Africa , argue that this colonial policy is directly responsible for many of Africa's modern problems. Criticism of colonialism demanded colonial rule by hurting African pride, self-esteem and trust in them. Other postcolonial scholars, notably Frantz Fanon continues this line, arguing that the true effects of colonialism are psychological and that domination by foreign powers creates a sense of inferiority and eternal conquest that creates a barrier to growth and innovation. Such an argument presupposes that a new generation of Africans free from colonial thinking and thinking arose and that this led to economic transformation.
Historians L. H. Gann and Peter Duignan argue that Africa may benefit from colonialism on balance. Though it's his fault, colonialism may be "one of the most potent machines for cultural diffusion in world history". Yet these views are controversial and rejected by some who, in balance, perceive colonialism as bad. The economic historian David Kenneth Fieldhouse has taken the middle position, arguing that the effects of colonialism are really limited and their main weakness is not in deliberate backwardness but in what fails to do. Niall Ferguson agrees with his final point, arguing that the main weakness of colonialism is the negligence of . Economic analysis of African countries finds that independent states like Liberia and Ethiopia have no better economic performance than their post-colonial counterparts. In particular, the economic performance of the former British colonies is better than the independent states and former French colonies.
The relative poverty of Africa precedes colonialism. Jared Diamond argues in Guns, Germs, and Steel that Africa is always poor because of a number of ecological factors that influence the development of history. These factors include low population density, lack of livestock and crops and North-South geography of African geography. Yet Diamond's theories have been criticized by some including James Morris Blaut as a form of environmental determinism. Historian John K. Thornton argues that sub-Saharan Africa was relatively wealthy and technologically advanced until at least the seventeenth century. Some scholars believe that Africa is generally poorer than the rest of the world throughout its history making exceptions to certain parts of Africa. Acemoglue and Robinson, for example, argue that most of Africa is always relatively poor, but "Aksum, Ghana, Songhay, Mali, [and] Great Zimbabwe... may as developed as their contemporaries anywhere in the world." A number of people including Rodney and Joseph E. Inikori argue that African poverty at the beginning of the colonial period was mainly due to demographic losses associated with slave trade as well as other societal shifts. Others such as J. D. Fage and David Eltis have rejected this view.
Diversity of language
African countries suffer from communication difficulties caused by the diversity of languages. The Greenberg diversity index is an opportunity that two randomly selected people will have different mother tongues. Of the 25 most diverse countries according to this index, 18 (72%) are Africans. This includes 12 countries where the Greenberg diversity index exceeds 0.9, meaning that a pair of randomly selected people will have less than 10% chance of having the same mother tongue. However, the main language of government, political debate, academic discourse, and administration often became the language of former colonial rulers; English, French or Portuguese.
Commerce-based theory
Dependency theory states that the wealth and prosperity of their superpowers and allies in Europe, North America and East Asia depend on poverty all over the world, including Africa. Economists who adhere to this theory believe that poorer areas must break their trade relations with developed countries in order to prosper.
A less radical theory suggests that economic protectionism in developed countries is hindering African growth. When developing countries have harvested low-cost agricultural products, they generally do not export as much as they can. The abundance of agricultural subsidies and high import tariffs in developed countries, especially those set by Japan, the EU Common Agricultural Policy, and the US Department of Agriculture are considered to be the cause. Although these subsidies and tariffs have been gradually reduced, they remain high.
Local conditions also affect exports; over-regulation of countries in some African countries can prevent their own exports becoming competitive. Research in the Economics of Public Choices such as Jane Shaw suggests that protectionism operates simultaneously with major State interventions that combine to suppress economic development. Farmers who are subject to import and export restrictions serve the local market, exposing them to higher market volatility and fewer opportunities. When subject to uncertain market conditions, farmers press for government intervention to suppress competition in their markets, so competition becomes pushed out of the market. When competition is driven out of the market, farmers innovate less and grow less food that undermines economic performance.
Government
Although Africa and Asia had the same income levels in the 1960s, Asia has since surpassed Africa. One school of economists argues that Asia's superior economic development lies in local investment. Corruption in Africa primarily consists of excavation of economic leases and the transfer of financial capital produced abroad rather than home investment; the stereotypes of African dictators with Swiss bank accounts are often accurate. Researchers from the University of Massachusetts Amherst estimate that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 sub-Saharan countries reached $ 187bn, exceeding the country's foreign debt. The gap in development is consistent with the model theorized by the Mancur Olson economist. Because the government is politically unstable and the new government often confiscates the assets of their predecessors, officials will keep their wealth abroad, beyond the reach of future takeovers.
Foreign help
Delivery of food in the event of local deficiency is generally not controversial; but as Amartya Sen shows, most hunger involves a lack of local income rather than food. In such situations, food aid - as opposed to financial aid - has the effect of destroying local agriculture and serves primarily to benefit Western agribusinesses that are heavily overproducing food as a result of agricultural subsidies. Historically, food aid has a higher correlation with oversupply in Western countries than with the needs of developing countries. Foreign aid has been an integral part of African economic development since the 1980s.
The aid model has been criticized for replacing the trade initiative. More and more evidence suggests that foreign aid has made the continent poorer. One of the greatest critics of the aid development model is the economist Dambiso Moyo (a US-based Zambian economist), who introduced the Death Help model, which highlights how foreign aid has become a barrier to local development.
Today, Africa is facing the problem of attracting foreign aid in areas where there is a high earning potential from demand. This requires more economic policy and active participation in the world economy. As globalization has increased competition for foreign aid among developing countries, Africa has sought to increase its struggle to receive foreign aid by taking on more responsibility at regional and international levels. In addition, Africa has created an 'Africa Action Plan' to gain a new relationship with development partners to share responsibility on finding ways to receive help from foreign investors.
Blocks of commerce and multilateral organizations
The African Union is the largest international economic grouping on the continent. Confederation goals include the creation of free trade zones, customs unions, single markets, central banks, and common currency (see African Monetary Union), thereby forming economic and monetary unions. The current plan is to establish an African Economic Community with a single currency by 2023. The African Investment Bank is intended to stimulate development. The AU plan also includes the African Monetary Fund that leads to the Central Bank of Africa. Some support the development of a more unified United States of Africa.
International monetary and banking unions include:
- Central Bank of West African Countries
- Central African Country Bank
- General Monetary Area
The main economic associations are shown in the chart below.
Variants and economic indicators
After an initial rebound from the world economic crisis of 2009, the African economy was eroded in 2011 by an Arab insurgency. The continent's growth fell back from 5% in 2010 to 3.4% in 2011. With the recovery of the North African economy and a sustained increase in other regions, growth across the continent is expected to increase to 4.5% in 2012 and 4, 8% in 2013. Short The long-term problem for the world economy remains as Europe faces its debt crisis. Commodity prices - important for Africa - have declined from their peak due to weaker demand and increased supply, and some may fall further. But prices are expected to remain at a favorable level for African exporters.
Territory
Economic activity has recovered throughout Africa. However, the pace of recovery is uneven among state and sub-region groups. Oil exporting countries are generally developing stronger than oil importing countries. West Africa and East Africa are the two best performing subregions in 2010.
Intra-African trade has been slowed by protectionist policies among countries and regions. Nevertheless, trade between countries incorporated in the Commonwealth Market for Southern and Southern Africa (COMESA), a very strong economic region, has grown sixfold over the past decade to 2012. Ghana and Kenya, for example, have developed markets within the region for building materials, machinery, and finished products, are very different from mining and agricultural products that make up the bulk of their international exports.
African Trade Ministers agreed in 2010 to create a Pan-African Free Trade Zone. This will reduce the country's tariffs on imports and increase intra-African trade, and is expected, the diversification of the economy as a whole.
African Countries
Economic and industrial sectors
As Africa's export portfolio remains dominated by raw materials, export earnings depend on fluctuations in commodity prices. This exacerbates the continental vulnerability to external shocks and supports the need for export diversification. Trade in services, especially travel and tourism, continues to increase in 2012, underscoring the continent's strong potential in this field.
Agriculture
The situation in which African countries are exporting crops to the West while millions of people on the starving continent have been blamed on developed countries including Japan, the European Union and the United States. These countries protect their own agricultural sector with high import tariffs and offer subsidies to their farmers, many of whom argue to cause excess production of commodities such as cereals, cotton and milk. The result of this is that global prices of such products continue to decline until Africans can not compete, except for commercial crops that do not grow easily in northern climates.
In recent years countries like Brazil, which have made progress in agricultural production, have agreed to share technology with Africa to increase agricultural production on the continent to make it a more active trading partner. Increased investment in African agricultural technology in general has the potential to reduce poverty in Africa. The market demand for African chocolate has been experiencing a price boom in 2008. The governments of Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda have targeted policies to take advantage of increased demand for certain agricultural products and plan to stimulate the agricultural sector. The African Union has plans to invest heavily in African agriculture and the situation is closely monitored by the United Nations.
Energy
Africa has significant resources to generate energy in some form (hydroelectric, oil and gas reserves, coal production, uranium production, renewable energy such as solar and geothermal). The lack of development and infrastructure means that a little of this potential is actually used today. The largest consumer of electricity in Africa is South Africa, Libya, Namibia, Egypt, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe, each consuming between 1000 and 5000 KWh/m 2 per person, unlike the African countries such as Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Tanzania, where electricity consumption per person can be ignored.
Oil and petroleum products are the main exports of 14 African countries. Petroleum and petroleum products account for 46.6% of Africa's total exports in 2010; Africa's second largest export as a whole is natural gas, in its gas form and as liquefied natural gas, accounted for 6.3% of Africa's export share.
Infrastructure
The lack of infrastructure creates an obstacle for businesses in Africa. Although it has many ports, the lack of supporting transport infrastructure adds 30-40% to the cost, in contrast to the Asian port. Many major infrastructure projects are underway in Africa. So far, most of these projects are in the production and transportation of electric power. Many other projects include paved roads, trains, airports, and other construction.
Telecommunication infrastructure is also a growth area in Africa. Although Internet penetration lags behind other continents, it still reaches 9%. As of 2011, it is estimated that 500 million mobile phones of all types are used in Africa, including 15,000,000 "smart phones".
Mine and drill
The African mineral industry is one of the largest minerals industries in the world. Africa is the second largest continent, with 30 million kmÃ,² land, which implies a large amount of resources. For many African countries, mineral exploration and production is an important part of their economy and remains a key economic growth in the future. Africa is rich in mineral reserves and ranks first or second in world reserves of bauxite, cobalt, industrial diamonds, phosphate rocks, platinum-group metals (PGM), vermiculite, and zirconium. Gold mining is Africa's major mining resource.
African mineral deposits rank first or second for bauxite, cobalt, diamonds, phosphate rocks, platinum-group metals (PGM), vermiculite, and zirconium. Many other minerals are also present in quantity. The world's 2005 production share of African soil is as follows: bauxite 9%; aluminum 5%; chromite 44%; cobalt 57%; copper 5%; 21% gold; 4% iron ore; steel 2%; lead (Pb) 3%; 39% manganese; zinc 2%; 4% cement; 46% natural diamond; 2% graphite; 31% phosphate stone; 5% coal; mineral fuel (including coal) & amp; petroleum 13%; uranium 16%.
Manufacturing
Both the African Union and the United Nations have outlined plans in the modern years about how Africa can help itself in industrialization and develop a significant manufacturing sector to a level comparable to that of the 1960s African economy with 21st century technology. The focus on growth and diversification of industrial production and production, as well as diversification of agricultural production, has sparked hopes that the 21st century will prove to be a century of economic and technological growth for Africa. This hope, coupled with the emergence of new leaders in Africa in the future, inspired the term "African Age", referring to the 21st century potentially becoming a century when Africa's enormous potential labor, capital and resources may become a world player.
Expectations in manufacturing and industry are aided by explosions in communications technology and the local mining industry in many sub-Saharan Africa. Namibia has attracted industrial investment in recent years and South Africa has begun offering tax incentives to attract foreign direct investment projects in manufacturing.
Countries like Mauritius have plans to develop new "green technologies" for manufacturing. Such developments have great potential to open up new markets for African countries as demand for alternative "green" and cleaner technologies is predicted to soar in the future as global oil reserves dry up and fossil fuel-based technologies become less economical.
Nigeria in recent years has embraced industrialization, currently owning an indigenous vehicle manufacturing company, Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing (IVM) producing Fast Transit Buses, Trucks and SUVs with the introduction of upcoming Cars. Various brands of their vehicles are currently available in Nigeria, Ghana, and other West African countries. Nigeria also has several electronics manufacturers such as Zinox, Nigeria's first branded branded computer and cork manufacturer (PC). In 2013, Nigeria introduced a policy on import duty to encourage local manufacturing companies in the country. In this case, some foreign vehicle manufacturing companies such as Nissan have announced their plans to have a factory in Nigeria. In addition to Electronics and vehicles, most consumers, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, construction materials, textiles, household appliances, plastics etc. are also manufactured in the country and exported to other African and West African countries. Nigeria is currently the largest cement producer in Sub-Saharan Africa. and Dangote Cement Plant, Obajana is the largest cement plant in sub-Saharan Africa. Ogun is considered the industrial center of Nigeria (since most factories are located in Ogun and even more companies are engaged there), followed by Lagos.
The manufacturing sector is small but growing in East Africa. The main industries are textile and clothing, leather processing, agribusiness, chemical products, electronics and vehicles. East African countries like Uganda also produce motorcycles for the domestic market.
Investment and banking
The $ 107 billion African finance services industry will record impressive growth over the rest of the decade as more and more banks are targeting the emerging middle class in the continent. The banking sector has experienced a growth record, partly due to various technological innovations.
China and India have shown increased interest in developing countries in Africa in the 21st century. Reciprocal investment between Africa and China has increased dramatically in recent years amid the current world financial crisis.
Increased investment in Africa by China has attracted the attention of the European Union and has provoked talks about EU's competitive investment. African diaspora members abroad, especially in the EU and the US, have stepped up efforts to use their business to invest in Africa and boost African investment abroad in the European economy.
Money transfer from African diaspora and increased interest in investment from the West will greatly help the least developed and most devastated economy in Africa, such as Burundi, Togo and Comoros. However, experts mourn the high costs involved in sending money to Africa because the duopoly of Western Union and MoneyGram controlling African remittance markets, making Africa the most expensive cash transfer market in the world. According to some experts, the high processing costs involved in remittances to Africa hinder the development of African countries.
Angola has announced interest in investing in the EU, Portugal in particular. South Africa has attracted increasing attention from the United States as a new frontier of investment in manufacturing, financial markets and small businesses, as does Liberia in recent years under their new leadership.
There are two African Union unions: Banque Centrale from West Africa describes de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) and the Central African Banque des de l'Afrique Centrale (BEAC). Both use CFA Franc as their legal payment tool. The notion of a single currency union across Africa has been floating, and plans exist to be established by 2020, although many problems, such as bringing continental inflation rates below 5 percent, remain an obstacle in finalization.
Stock exchange
In 2012, Africa has 23 stock exchanges, twice as many as 20 years earlier. However, the African stock exchanges still account for less than 1% of the world stock exchange activity. The top ten stock exchanges in Africa with share capital are (amount given in billions of US dollars):
- South Africa (82.88) (2014)
- Egypt ($ 73.04 billion (November 30, 2014 est.))
- Morocco (5.18)
- Nigeria (5.11) (Actually has a market capitalization of $ 39.27Bln)
- Kenya (1.33)
- Tunisia (0.88)
- BRVM (regional exchanges whose members include Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo: 6.6)
- Mauritius (0.55)
- Botswana (0.43)
- Ghana (.38)
Between 2009 and 2012, a total of 72 companies were launched on the stock market from 13 African countries.
Trade block and multilateral organization
The African Union is the largest international economic grouping on the continent. Confederation goals include the creation of free trade zones, customs unions, single markets, central banks, and common currency (see African Monetary Union), thereby forming economic and monetary unions. The current plan is to establish an African Economic Community with a single currency by 2023. The African Investment Bank is intended to stimulate development. The AU plan also includes the African Monetary Fund that leads to the Central Bank of Africa. Some support the development of a more unified United States of Africa.
International monetary and banking unions include:
- Central Bank of West African Countries
- Central African Country Bank
- General Monetary Area
The main economic associations are shown in the chart below.
Regional economic organization
During the 1960s, the politician of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah promoted the economic and political unity of African countries, with the aim of independence. Since then, goals, and organizations have multiplied. The past few decades have brought efforts at various levels of regional economic integration. Trade between African countries accounts for only 11% of total African trade in 2012, about five times less than in Asia. Most of these intra-African trade comes from South Africa and most of the exports from South Africa go to the bordering countries of South Africa.
There are currently eight regional organizations that assist economic development in Africa:
See also
- African-Chinese economic relations
- African Economic Community
- Africa Economic Outlook
- African Demography
- African economic history
- Land grabbing
- Afrikaans
Note
References
External links
- African economy in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- The Dragon Age: The Conquest of China over Africa
- Howard W. French's book "The Second Continent of China" - In China's increasing presence in China
- Holding the door open for multinational companies to extract the riches of Africa, Foreign Policy in Focus
- Africa in the World Economy: national, regional and international challenges by Jan Joost Teunissen and Age Akkerman
- Africa: Live on the Edge, Monthly Review. Samir Amin offers Marxist analysis of Africa's sustainable economic crisis
- BBC: African economy
- OECD works on African economy
- African Economic Analysis
- World Economic Forum - Africa
- African Development Bank Group
- IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO) - September 2003 - Public Debt in Emerging Markets
- Language and Africa
- The African economy: The ultimate glimmer of light? - The Economist
- Africa and Knowledge Economy - World Bank Institute Report.
- Economic analysis of Central Africa
- From Help to Trade with Africa News and analysis by Inter Press Service
- African Development Affected by Big US Companies Interest in Continent Resources - video report by Democracy Now!
- Africa: Forward or Backward? from Dean Peter Krogh Digital Archives Abroad
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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