yellow-footed frog or southern mountain-bottomed frog ( Rana muscosa ) is a true endemic frog species in California in the United States. Union. It takes place in the San Jacinto Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains, and the San Gabriel Mountains of Southern California and the Southern Sierra Nevada. This is a registered registered federal species.
The populations of Rana muscosa in northern Sierra Nevada have been redefined as a new species, Rana sierrae , yellow-legged frog Sierra Nevada. It has been proposed as an endangered species by 2013. The mountains that divide upstream from South Fork and Central Fork from the Kings River mark the boundary between the span of two species.
Video Mountain yellow-legged frog
Description
Rana muscosa is 4 to 8.9 centimeters long. The colors and patterns vary. The color is yellowish, brownish, or olive with black and brown marks. The name of the species muscosa comes from the Latin word meaning "mossy" or "full of moss", inspired by its color. It may have bright orange or yellow thighs. When handled, the frog emits a defensive odor that is reminiscent of garlic.
Maps Mountain yellow-legged frog
Habitat
These frogs occur in tributaries of mountains, lakes and lakes, rivers, and swimming pools, preferring a sunny area. It rarely travels far from water, and can remain under water for a very long time, possibly through the exchange of skin gas. Tadpoles require permanent water habitat for at least two years as they progress. This frog has been recorded at an altitude between 1,214 and 7,546 feet (370 and 2,300 meters) in Southern California.
Biology
Frogs emerge from their winter locations soon after melting snow. The breeding season begins after the highest melting water flow ends, around March to May in the southern part of its range, and up to July in the higher mountains to the north. Fertilization is external, and egg clusters are secured to vegetation in the stream, or in calm water sometimes leaving free-floating. Teenagers can be tadpoles for 3 to 4 years before undergoing metamorphosis.
Frogs do not have vocal pouches. His call was husky, rising at the end. During the day, it calls underwater.
This species eats insects such as beetles, ants, bees, wasps, flies, and dragonflies. Also known to eat tadpoles.
Conservation status
Frogs are an endangered species under the US Species Species Act. The International Union for Nature Conservation has also listed it as endangered. NatureServe's conservation status is Imperiled.
Decline
After the common species, Rana muscosa did not exist in many areas of origin in the 1970s. Over the past hundred years, 90% of the population has been eliminated. The frog is known from 166 locations in the mountains of Southern California, and in 2007, only seven or eight remained. The 2009 discovery of R. muscosa at two sites in the San Bernardino National Forest was reported. Frogs are represented in Sierra Nevada by three or four populations. The decline is caused by many factors, including introduced fish species such as trout, livestock grazing, chytrid fungi, and possibly pesticides, drought, and ultraviolet radiation.
Introduced Fish species
Trout was introduced to lakes and rivers along the Sierra Nevada in the late 1800s to improve recreational fishing in the area. Fish bait on tadpoles, main prey item. The introduced trout has altered the distribution of several native species in the local ecosystem. After removal of fish from several lakes, the frogs reappear and the population increases. Then it begins to spread to other suitable habitats nearby.
Pesticides
Frog decline from its historical distance has been linked to pesticide deviations from agricultural areas. Frogs that have been reintroduced into water-cleansed bodies have failed to survive, and the analysis has isolated pesticides in their tissues. Pesticides are considered by some authorities as a greater threat to frogs than trout. The relative role that pesticides and introduced fish play in frog decline is still debated, and the loss of R. muscosa in the previous range may be influenced by many factors.
Chytridiomycosis
This species is one of the many amphibians affected by chytridiomycosis fungus. Many studies have explored the biology of fungi and how to prevent associated amphibian decline. The fungus invades the area of ​​keratin from the body of a frog. Tadpoles are not affected because only jawbone and toothpaste are keratinized. Infections of the tadpoles can be identified by changes in the pigmentation of these parts. Adults have rich keratin skin and suffer from worse infections.
In the study, adult frogs were either exposed to infected frogs for at least two weeks of developing the disease. Transmission takes longer in tadpoles, generally more than seven weeks. Frogs may tend to be infected if their immune systems are weakened by other factors, such as pesticides. Studies show that R. muscosa is naturally more susceptible to chytrid fungi than many other frogs to begin with.
Preservation
The first successful first frog capture occurred in 2009 when three tadpoles were kept at the San Diego Zoo. Conservation workers at the zoo are planning to release more surviving frogs that survive in the San Jacinto Mountains, part of their home region.
By 2015 the frogs and tadpoles of the species are reintroduced to Fuller Mill Creek in the San Bernardino Mountains and San Bernardino National Forest. They grew up and raised Arnold and Mabel Beckman Conservation Research Centers in Escondido, one of the organizations that has partnered with the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research (ICR) to save species from extinction. The Los Angeles Zoo is also a coalition partner and currently holds two groups of wild tadpoles collected from two locations in the San Gabriel Mountains, to be quite old and supportive.
By 2015, the Oakland Zoo begins a frog rehabilitation project to encourage species rescue efforts. Every year, a group of tadpoles is taken from the native lake throughout California and taken to the zoo. There, the tadpole grows into a young frog, while also undergoing the inoculation process to make them immune to chytridiomycosis fungal disease. Once ready, the young frogs of chytrid immunity are now released back into the lake where they were found. In 2016, the Oakland Zoo released 53 specimens to various lakes in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. The program is set to release 130 inoculated people into lakes in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park and Inyo National Forest in 2017.
References
Further reading
- Adams, M. J., et al. (2005). The pattern of amphibian distribution of lentic eaters in relation to exposure to ultraviolet radiation in western North America. Ecosystem 8 (5): 488-500.
- Bridges, C. M. and M. D. Boone. (2003). The interactive effects of UV-B and insecticide exposure on survival, growth and development of tadpoles. Biological Conservation 113 (1): 49-54.
- Briggs, C. J., et al. (2005). Investigating population-level effects of chytridiomycosis: a newly emerging amphibian infection. Ecology 86 (12): 3149-59.
- Funk, W. C. and W. W. Dunlap. (1999). High elevation lake colonization by long-toed salamander ( Ambystoma macrodactylum ) after the extinction of trout populations introduced. Canadian Zoological Journal 77 (11): 1759-67. (abstract)
- Hillis, D. M. and T. P. Wilcox. (2005). The phylogeny of the true frog of the New World ( Rana ). Phylogenetic and Evolutionary Molecules 34 (2): 299-314.
- Hillis, D. M. (2007). Limitations in naming parts of the Tree of Life. Phylogenetic and Evolutionary Molecules 42 (2): 331-38.
- Knapp, R. A. and K. R. Matthews. (2000). The introduction of non-native fish and the retreat of the mountain-yellow frogs from within the protected area. Conservation Biology 14 (2), 428-38.
- Pister, E. P. (2001). Wilderness fish stocking: history and perspective. Ecosystem 4 (4): 279-86.
- Stuart, S. N., et al. (2004). Status and trends of amphibian decline and extinction worldwide. Science 306 (5702): 1783-86.
- Vredenburg, V. T., et al. (2007). Matched molecular and phenotypic data illustrates a new taxonomy and conservation priority for the endangered yellow-legged frog (Ranidae: Rana muscosa ). Zoological Journal 271: 361-74.
External links
Data terkait dengan Rana muscosa di Wikispecies
- Fisher, R. N. dan T. J. Case. (2003). Rana muscosa , Panduan Lapangan untuk Reptil dan Amfibi Pesisir Selatan California. USGS.
- Situs Kodok Kaki Kuning Berkaki.
- Rana muscosa , AmphibiaWeb.
- Rana muscosa vokalisasi, Western Soundscape Archive.
- Pembebasan Kodok Kaki Kuning Gunung
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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