Ordinal indicator

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In written language, an ordinal indicator is a character, or group of characters, following a number indicating that it is a serial number, not a cardinal number.

In the English orthography, this corresponds to the suffix -st , -nd , -rd , -th in writing ordinal (represented either in the 1 , 2nd , 3 , 4th or as a superscript, sup> st , 2 ^nd , 3 ^{rd th} ).

Also commonly encountered are superscript (and often underlined) ordinal indicators Ã,º and Ã,ª , originating from Romance, but through the influences of 18th century Italian culture used in the broader cultural sphere of Western Europe, as in 1Ã, primo and 1Ã,ª prime "first, heads, prime quality".

The abbreviated (or underlined) acronym abbreviation is a common abbreviation in 19th-century writing (not limited to specific ordinal indicators, and is still present in the numero no), and is also found in handwritten English until at least the end 19th century. (eg "first" abbreviated 1 ^st or 1 ^st ).

Video Ordinal indicator

Usage

In Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Galician, ordinal indicators º and ª are added to the numbers depending on whether the grammatical gender is masculine or feminine respectively. This suffix is ​​often underlined as well, though in the case of digital typography, it will depend on the font being used. Cambria and Calibri, for example, have underlined ordinal indicators.

The masculine ordinal indicator U 00BA (ººº) is often confused with the U 00B0 (Ã,  °) degree mark, which looks very similar in many fonts and is available in the Italian keyboard layout. The degree sign is a uniform circle and never underlined, while the letters o may be oval or elliptical and have varying line thickness. The letter o may also be underlined.

Examples of the use of ordinal indicators in Italian are:

• 1Ã,º primo ("first")
• 2Ã,ºs ("second")
• 3Ã,º terzo ("third")

Galician also forms its ordinal number in this way.

In Spain, using the last two letters of the spelled word is not allowed, except in the case of primary (an apocope primero ) before the single masculine noun, which is not abbreviated to 1.Ã,º but as 1. ^er , from tercer (an apocope of tersero ) before a single masculine noun, which is not abbreviated as 3.Ã,º but as 3. ^er , and the combined ordinal number ending with " primer "or" ". For example, "twenty-first" is vigÃÆ' Â © simo primer before the masculine noun, and the abbreviation is 21. ^er . Since none of these words are shortened before the feminine noun, the correct form for such cases is primera > and spoiled . This can be represented as 1.Ã,ª and 3.Ã,ª . As with other abbreviations in Spanish, the ordinal number has the period ".", Which is placed before the indicator. Portuguese follows the same method.

Maps Ordinal indicator

Origins

The practice of signifying ordinal with superscript suffix can derive from the practice of writing superscript o to show the Latin ablative in pre-modern writing practice. This ablative deficiency is often combined with ordinal numbers indicating the date (as in tertio die (written iii ^o off ) "on the third day" or at Anno Domini year, as in anno millesimo [...] ab inkarnasie domini nostri Iesu Christi (written an? m ^o [...] dm or in the thousandth [...] years after the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ ").

The use of terminals in everyday language in Europe comes from the use of Latin, as practiced by scribes in monasteries and chancelries before writing in the local language became established. The terminal letters used depend on the sex of the goods to be ordered and the cases where the ordinal adjectives are declared, for example primus died ("first day", nominative, masculine case), but primitive dead ("on the first day", ablative masculine case), displayed when I ^o or I ^o . Because monumental inscriptions often refer to the day when events occurred, e.g. "He died on June 10", ablative cases are generally used: X ^o ( decimo ) with the moon stated in the genitive case. Example:

• I ^o ( (primo) died Julyi , "on the first day of July")
• X ^o decimo
• XX ^o vicensimo
• L ^o quinquagensimo
• C ^o centensimo
• M ^o millensimo

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Design

In the correct typography, the ordinal indicators Ã,ª and Ã,º must be indistinguishable from other characters.

A common mistake is to confuse the U 00B0 (Ã, Â °) degree mark with the ordinal masculine indicator. The degree sign is the circumference of the uniform and is never underlined, while the masculine ordinal indicator letter has a lowercase letter "o". That means, depending on the font, it may be circular, oval or elliptical and may have varying line thickness. While in Brazil, this is mandatory underlined, in Portugal it is not mandatory but is "advisable" to avoid confusion with the title mark.

Also, the ordinal indicator must be indistinguishable from the superscript character. The top of the ordinal indicator (ie, the upper part of the elevated letter "a" and the letter "o") must be aligned with the letter cap height. The upper alignment of superscripted letters "a" and "o" will depend on the position of the superscript character of the font.

The line thickness of the ordinal indicator is always proportional to the thickness of the other character lines of the font. In artificially created superscripts (for example, with the "superscript" command of a text editor) the thickness of the superseded character line is thinner.

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Encoding

Romantic feminine and masculine ordinal indicators were adopted into 8-bit ECMA-94 encoding in 1985 and ISO 8859-1 encoding in 1987 (both based on DEC's Multinational Character Set designed for VT220), at positions 170 (xAA) and 186 ( xBA), respectively. ISO 8859-1 was included as the first 256 code points ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode in 1991. Such Unicode Characters:

• U 00AA Ã,ª FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR (HTMLÃ, & amp ; # 170; Ã, Ã, Â · & amp; ordf; )
• U 00BA Ã,º MASKULIN ORDINAL INDICATOR (HTMLÃ, & amp; # 186 ; Ã, Â · & amp; ordm; )

Html entity named & amp; ordf; and & amp; ordm; introduced in HTML 3.2 (1996).

This encoding should not be confused with the correct superscript encoding in Unicode, which, in this case:

• U 1D43 ? SMALL LETTER MODIFIER A (HTMLÃ, & amp; # 7491; )
• U 1D52 ? MODIFIER LETTER SMALL O (HTMLÃ, & amp; # 7506; )

Most character sets intended to support Galician, Portuguese and/or Spanish have two encoded characters. In detail (in hexadecimal):

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Typing

Tata letak keyboard bahasa Portugis dan Spanyol adalah satu-satunya karakter yang dapat diakses langsung melalui kunci khusus: º untuk" º "dan ? Shift º untuk" ª ". ​​Pada tata letak keyboard lainnya, karakter ini hanya dapat diakses melalui serangkaian penekanan tombol.

Dalam keyboard Apple dalam tata letak bahasa Inggris, "º" dapat diperoleh dengan menekan Alt 0 dan" ª "dapat diperoleh dengan menekan Alt 9 .

Pada banyak keyboard perangkat seluler (tablet, ponsel cerdas, dll.) "ª" dan "º" dapat diperoleh dengan menjaga tekanan pada tombol A dan O , masing-masing, dan kemudian pilih karakter yang diinginkan.

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Konvensi serupa

Some languages ​​use superior letters as a typographic convention for abbreviations. Often, the ordinal indicators "º" and "Ã,ª" are used in this sense, and do not indicate the serial number. Some people may say that this is a misuse of ordinal indicators:

• Spanish uses superscript letters and ordinal indicators in some abbreviations, such as V.Ã,º B.Ã,º for < i> visto bueno ("approved"); n.Ã,º for nÃÆ'ºmero ("amount"); Spanish D.Ã,ª for doÃÆ' Â ± a (an honor); Spanish M.Ã,ª for MarÃÆ'a , a Spanish name that is often used in words like JosÃÆ'Â Â Â Â Â Â M.Ã,ª ; and adm. ^ora for administradora , administrator. Superscript characters and indicators are always preceded by a period. Traditionally they have been underlined, but this is optional and less frequent these days. Portuguese forms several acronyms in the same way. For example: E.g. ^mo for ExcelentÃÆ'ssimo (an honor), < i> L. ^da for Limitada (Ltd.), and Sr.Ã,ª for Senhora (Ms.).
• English has borrowed "No." the abbreviation of the numero word numero (according to OED the term is from Latin numero , which is the ablative word of the word numerus ("number"). This is sometimes written as "N ^o ", with optional underlined superscript o , or sometimes with ordinal indicators.In this case the ordinal indicator will represent only the letter "o "within numero ; see the numero sign.

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Other suffixes

English

• -st is used with numbers ending in 1 (e.g. 1 , pronounced fir st )
• -nd is used with numbers ending in 2 (e.g. 92nd , pronounced ninety-second nd )
• -rd is used with numbers ending in 3 (eg 33rd , pronounced thirty-thi rd b> )
• As an exception to the above rule, all "teen" numbers ending in 11 , 12 or 13 use - th (eg 11th , pronounced eleven th , 112th , pronounced a hundred [and] twelf th )
• -th is used for all other numbers (eg 9, pronounced nin th ).
• An ancient variant uses a single superscript -d for numbers ending in 2 or 3 (eg 92 ^d or 33 < soup> d )

In 19th century handwriting, these terminals are often uplifted, meaning written as superscript (eg 2 ??, 34 ??). With the introduction of typewriters gradually in the late nineteenth century, it became common to write it in lines in typed texts, and this use was even recommended in certain 20th century style guides. Thus, the 17th edition of the Chicago Style Manual states: "Letters in ordinal numbers should not appear as superscripts (eg 122 and not 122 ??)", as well as Bluebook and style guides by Science Editor Board , Microsoft, and Yahoo. Two problems are that superscripts are used "most often in quotes" and "small and hard to read". Some word processors format the ordinal indicator as superscript by default (eg Microsoft Word). The author of the style guide, Jack Lynch (Rutgers) recommends to turn off automatic superscripting from ordinal in Microsoft Word, because "no professional print books use superscript".

Prancis

French uses the ordinal indicator ^er ( 1 ^er - premier ), ^re in feminine ( 1 ^re - premiÃÆ'¨re ), ^e ( 2 ^e - deuxiÃÆ'¨me ). France also uses the ^d for the 2 ^d - seconds ; in feminine this indicator becomes ^de : 2 ^de - detike . In plural form, all of these indicators take the S: ^ers ( 1 ^ers - prime minister ), ^res ( 1 ^res - premiere res ), ^es ( < span lang = "fr" title = "French subtitle"> 2 ^es - deuxiÃÆ'¨mes ), ^ds ( 2 ^ds - seconds ), ^des ( < span lang = "fr" title = "French subtitle"> 2 ^des - sec ).

This indicator uses superscript formats whenever available.

Catalan

The rules in Catalan are following numbers with the last letter in singular and the last two letters in the plural. Most of the numbers follow the pattern exemplified by vint "20" ( 20ÃÆ'¨ m sg , 20a f sg , 20ns m pl , 20e f pl ), but some first ordinal are irregular, affecting the abbreviations of masculine forms. Superscripting is not standard.

Belanda

Unlike other Germanic languages, Dutch is similar to English in this case: French grammar with ^e is used to be popular, but recent spelling changes now define the suffix - e . Optional Dutch-language - ste and - de can be used, but this is more complex: 1ste Ã, ( eerste ), 2de Ã, ( tweede ), 4de ( vierde ), 20ste Ã, ( twintigste )...

Finnish

In Finnish orthography, when the number is followed by the noun of the head (which indicates an ordinal grammatical case), it is sufficient to write a single period or a full stop point after the number: PÃÆ' ¤ÃÆ'¤yin kilpailussa 2. sijalle "In the competition I finished in second place ". However, if the nouns are omitted, the ordinal indicator takes the form of a morphological suffix, attached to a number with a colon. In the nominative case, the suffix is ​​ - nen for 1 and 2, and -s for larger numbers: MinÃÆ'¤ olin 2: nen , ja veljeni oil 3: s "I came 2nd , and my brother came 3 ". This is derived from the end of the spelled ordinal number: ensimmÃÆ'¤inen , toinen , colmas , neljÃÆ'¤s , viides , < languages ​​=> Finnish languages ​​...

The system becomes somewhat complicated when the ordinal needs to be infected, because the ordinal suffix is ​​adjusted to the ending case: 3: s (nominative case, which has no end), 3: nne n (case of genitive with ending - n ), 3: < b> t ta (upper case with end - ta ), 3: nne ssa (case inesif with end ssa ), 3: nte en (an unreasonable case with ending - en ), etc. Even native speakers sometimes find it difficult to precisely identify ordinal endings, such as ders with word bars and the end of cases may seem blurry. In such a case it may be better to write the word ordinal completely with the letters and especially the <2> nen sparse even in the nominative case , since it is no shorter than the full word toinen .

Irlandia

The number from 3 rises uniformly ordinalally by adding the - ÃÆ'º : 3ÃÆ'º, 4ÃÆ'º, 5ÃÆ'º , etc. When ordinal is written, the suffix obeys the spelling constraints imposed by the broad/slim differences in the consonant and is written - iÃÆ'º after a slim consonant ; but when it is written as a number, only the suffix itself ( - ÃÆ'º ) is written. In the case of ( ceathair ), the last syllable is synced before the suffix, and in the case 9 ( naoi ), 20 ( fiche ), and 1000 ( mÃÆ'le ), the final vowel is assimilated into the suffix.

Most multiples are ten in the vowels in their cardinal form and form their ordinal shape by adding the suffix to their singular single form, which ends - d ; this is not reflected in writing. The exceptions are 20 ( fiche ) and 40 (< i> daichead ), both form an ordinal by adding the suffix directly to the cardinal ( fichiÃÆ'º and daicheadÃÆ'º ).

When counting Irish language dÃÆ'³ (2) into dhÃÆ'¡ and ceathair (4) to ceithre .

As in French, the vigesimal system is widely used, especially at the age of the person. Ceithre scÃÆ'³r agus caÃÆ'ºigdÃÆ' Â © ag - 95.

The numbers 1 ( aon ) and 2 ( dÃÆ'³ ) both have two separate ordinal: one is regularly formed by adding - ÃÆ'º (aonÃÆ'º, dÃÆ'³ÃÆ'º) , and one suppletive form ( cÃ… ©  © ad, virgin ). Regular forms are limited in their use to actual numerical contexts, when calculating. The latter is also used in the calculations, especially the ca  © ad , but is used in a wider and more abstract sense from 'first' and 'second' (or 'other'). In a broader sense, cÃ… © ad and virgin is not written as 1ÃÆ'º and 2ÃÆ'º , although 1ÃÆ'º and 2ÃÆ'º may be in numerical context read aloud as ca  © ads and virgin (e.g., a 21ÃÆ'º lÃÆ'¡ can be read as a t-aonÃÆ'º lÃÆ'¡ is fi che or as a chÃÆ'  © ad lÃÆ'¡ is fiche ).

Russian

One or two letters of the spelled number are added to it (either after the hyphen or, rarely, in the superscript). The rule is to take a minimum number of letters that include at least one consonant phoneme. Example: 2- ?? ??????? /ft? ro mu /, 2-? ?????? /ft? ra ja /, 2-? ?????? /ft? ro j / (note that in the example of both vowels? represents two phonemes, one of which (/j/) is consonant ).

Swedish

The general rule is : a (for 1 and 2) or : e (for all other numbers, except 101: a, 42: a , and so on, but includes 11: e and 12: e ) added to the number. The reason is Swedish - a and - e end each ordinal word word. However, the ordinal for 1 and 2 can be given the form - e ( fÃÆ'¶rste and andre instead fÃÆ'¶rsta and 1: e and 2: e . When indicating the date, the suffix is ​​never used. Example: Swedish 1: a klass (first grade (in elementary school)), 3: e utgÃÆ' Â van van (third edition), but 6 november . Next, the suffix can be left out if the number is clearly a sequential number, for example: 3 utg. (3rd ed.). Using full stop as an ordinal indicator is considered old-fashioned, but still occurs in a military context. Example: 5. komp (5th company).

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Representation as point

In Basque, Bosnia/Croatia/Serbia, Czech, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, among other languages, periods or full term.

The same usage, apparently borrowed from Germany, is now standardized in Polish, in which it replaces the last phoneme superscript (following a complex writing and gender pattern, for example Polish subtitles " > 1 ^szy , 7 ^ma , 24 ^te , 100 ^ny ).

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Representation as prefix

Numbers in Malay and Indonesian are preceded by the ordinal prefix to - ; for example, 7th , "seventh". The exception is first which means "first".

Figures in Filipino are preceded by ordinal prefix ika - or pang - (last subject for sandhi; for example, ika-7 or pam-7 , "seventh." The exceptions are una , which means "first".

In Mandarin, the sequence number is prefixed by ? d ¬ ; for example, ?? "first", ?? "second".

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See also

• Numero Sign
• Superior Letter
• Superscripts and Subscriptions

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References

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External links

• "word number", Woordenlijst (in Dutch) .
• Windows keyboard layout
• Apple keyboard layout

Source of the article : Wikipedia