Road marking means any type of device or material used on the road surface to convey official information; they are usually placed with a road tagging machine (or road marking equipment , street marking equipment ). They can also be applied in other facilities used by vehicles to mark the parking lot or point the area for other purposes.
Road marking is used on paved roads to provide guides and information to drivers and pedestrians. Signal uniformity is an important factor in minimizing confusion and uncertainty about its meaning, and there are attempts to standardize these signs across borders. However, countries and regions categorize and define road surface markings in different ways - white lines are called mechanical, non-mechanical, or temporary white lines. They can be used to describe traffic lanes, inform riders and pedestrians or function as noise generators when running on the street, or try to wake a sleeping driver when mounted on the shoulder of the road. Marking the road surface can also indicate the rules for parking and stops.
There are ongoing efforts to improve road marking systems, and technological breakthroughs include adding retroreflectivity, increasing longevity, and lowering installation costs.
Currently, road markers are used to convey information to drivers that include navigational, safety, and enforcement issues that lead to their use in the understanding of the road environment in sophisticated driver driving systems and consideration for future use in autonomous road vehicles.
Video Road surface marking
Mechanical marker
Sometimes road repair results can leave marks visible on the sidewalk. An example is the process of retrofitting a log to strengthen the concrete slab to extend the life of the older concrete pavement. The completion of the process leaves the symmetric pattern of hyphens on the road, as if there is a meaning associated with the pattern. When there are many of them along the way, the rider can interpret the mark as an unknown mechanical marker or a strange road sign. When the road is being built and the lane is shifted toward the lateral, the mark may interfere with the temporary path mark. Since the sign of a retrofit dowel bar is not intended to be a sign of a road surface, the responsible agency tries to make this mark less visible to the rider.
Maps Road surface marking
Non-mechanical markers
Cat
Paints, sometimes with additives such as retoreflective glass beads, are commonly used to mark a travel path. It is also used to mark spaces in parking lots or special purpose spaces for disabled parking, loading zones, or timed parking areas. The colors for this app vary by location. Paint is a cheap sign and has been used extensively since around the early 1950s.
Cat consists of three main components: pigment, resin or binder, and water or solvent. Pigments are finely ground materials that give a color or block the surface underneath. They may contain other materials such as UV stabilizers, and fillers that carry color pigments to the required level. Resin or binder is glue paint to bind pigments and glass beads together to the road surface. Resins for water-based paints are polyvinyl acetate latex, methyl methacrylate or acrylic resin. Resins for solvent based paints are linseed oil or soybeans and alkyd resins. Pigments and resins are mixed with water for water-based paints and solvents for solvent-based paints so they can be applied to the road surface. The solvents used can be naphtha, toluene, methanol, methylene chloride, and acetone. Due to environmental concerns, some jurisdictions have some restrictions on solvent based paints.
Paints are usually applied right after the path has been paved. The street is marked usually by a truck called "Striper." These trucks contain hundreds of gallons of paint stored in large drums that sit on the bed. The signs are controlled manually or automatically by the controller that sits on the bed. The paint is run through a series of hoses under air pressure and applied to the road surface along with the application of glass beads for retroreflectivity. After application, paint dries quickly enough. Sometimes glass beads are mixed with paint and applied together, which is not the recommended method. The usual method is to use a separate pistol to spray the glass beads onto the wet paint during application.
Painted symbols, such as HOV pathways or markers, are applied manually using stencils. Painted signs usually last 9 to 36 months. There are several water-based paints that can be applied to double the level of typical latex paint thickness. This technique can extend the life of the mark.
Stones
On streets paved with setts (such as Belgian blocks or Sampietrini ) or cobblestones, marks can be made with white blocks or stones, such as marble or other light-colored rocks. Such marking is durable, but can be slippery in rain or wet conditions unless it appears with a matte or coarse layer.
Thermoplastics
One of the most common types of road markings based on a balance between cost and longevity of performance, thermoplastic binding systems are generally based on one of three core chemicals: hydrocarbons, rosin resins or modified male rosin esters (MMRE). Thermoplastic coatings are generally homogenous dry mixtures of binder resins, plasticizers, glass beads (or other optics), pigments, and fillers. Its use has increased more than paint primarily due to the performance benefits of increased durability, retro-reflectivity, and lack of VOC solvents.
Thermoplastic markings are applied using specially designed vehicles. Usually thermoplastic marking modes should be applied with equipment called road tagging machines to coat the lanes of traffic, and road paint needs to be heated by a device commonly called a preheater. The thermoplastic mixture is heated in a truck up to about 200 ° C (400 ° F) before feeding it to the apparatus. This is often a screed or ribbon box. As soon as thermoplastics have been applied, the glass beads are put into a hot material so they are embedded before the plastic hardens. These beads provide an early retroreflection. Since the markings used during use and the initial beads are lost, the beads mixed with the binder are found, giving a long-term retraceflectivity. These can be made very thick to produce a thunderous strip effect.
The Thermoplastic marking layer is set quickly. The melted adhesion of the synthetic resin makes the hot cat melt strongly attached to the road surface. Additives in coating paint increase the plasticity of the coating, improve anti-precipitation, anti-pollution, anti-tarnish. Thermoplastic marking paint is most often produced in yellow and white. White tagging paint mainly contains white titanium, zinc oxide, lithopone, while yellow paint is mainly lead yellow due to heat.
In warm climatic areas, thermoplastic signs can last 3 to 6 years. However, snow can damage thermoplastics that would restrict use in cold climates. Paint fillers may affect the mechanical strength, abrasion resistance and coating film color. The particle size of the paint powder affects the flow, sedimentation, and surface processing.
Preformed thermoplastic
Signs of thermoplastic hardening that have been formed (sometimes called "ribbons", but not confused with polymer bands previously formed) are thermoplastics cut into final shapes by the manufacturer and readily positioned onto the asphalt surface or asphalt. Preformed thermoplastics are placed on the road surface and applied using a propane heat torch. Some models require heating of road surfaces prior to pre-installed thermoplastic placement. These signs are used primarily because of the durability and cost of living an effective service. Because the plastic melts to the surface, they are not easily damaged by snow. Typically, preformed thermoplastic signs can last 3 to 6 years. The most common applications of established thermoplastic pavement markers are found at intersections as transverse signs such as stop lines, legends, crossings, arrows, bicycle lane symbols, and accessibility symbols.
Preformed polymer tape
Commonly referred to as tape or cold plastic, this product is a heavyweight material with reflective beads embedded in plastic. It is commonly used to mark crossings, stopping bars, and traffic guidance such as turnstiles, HOV lines, railway crossings, pedestrian crossings, taxi lanes, bus lanes, and bike lanes. There are two ways to apply the ribbon:
- Overlay - The app is placed on the sidewalk surface. Using industrial grade rubber cement, after recording combined with sidewalks, it must last three years. The main obstacles to life prediction are snow plows, salt, and mis-applications.
- Inlay - The recording is physically part of the asphalt. Using the heat generated in the paving process, road workers put special bands on asphalt in the hardening process, and the mill compacts both.
The life of the polymer recording formed may vary by application. If applied correctly, they can last between 4 and 8 years. However, there are some cases where record failure starts immediately after installation. Conditions that may contribute to the tape to be peeled are the time of year of installation that is too close to winter, surface preparation, and workmanship. A technique that can be used to minimize snowplows eroded footage is to disguise the flow to the surface and refine the recording to this groove. This technique reduces the advantages of low labor costs from tapes. Signs of polymer bands that have formed are slippery when wet, especially on large sections such as crossings, and caution should be used because of poor wet traction.
Epoxy
Epoxy contains two parts which are the basis of pigmented resins and catalysts. Both parts are mixed in a special truck for epoxy marking applications. Epoxy is then heated before spraying onto the road surface. Retroreflective glass beads are applied using separate bead rifles behind the epoxy spray gun. Usually, epoxy signs last about 4 years.
Epoxy has been in use since the late 1970s and has gained popularity during the 1990s as technology has become more affordable and reliable. This material competes directly with plastic in connection with its use and cost.
Negative impact on road surface
Non-mechanical markers were found to contribute to the decline in the surface of concrete asphalt roads. Paints and markers can cause cracked road surfaces, and in more severe cases, marks contribute to the removal of road surfaces (a process in which aggregate particles are detached from the road surface, causing very perforated and very rough surface textures) or potholes.
This type of surface damage can be found exclusively under the sidewalk signs such as lane marks and turning arrows. There is no definitive explanation of the relationship between pavement signs and surface damage, but there are several hypotheses. One is that water vapor may have been trapped under road surface signs, causing de-bonding of asphalt binder from aggregate material. Another hypothesis is that sign reflectivity can create differences in solar warming and thermal expansion strains between areas with and without marks. Small defects caused by differential strains can be combined into longitudinal cracks along the mark. There are certain surface treatments that can make the road surface less susceptible to this kind of trouble, such as slurry seals and mastic rocks.
Glass beads
Glass beads consisting of lime glass soda are essential to provide retraceflectivity in different types of road markings. Retroreflectivity occurs when the incident light from the vehicle is refracted in glass beads embedded in the road marker and then reflected back into the driver's field of view. In the United States, the demand for glass beads has led to imports from countries that use outdated regulations and manufacturing techniques. These techniques include the use of heavy metals such as arsenic, antimony, and lead during the manufacturing process as a decolorization and fining agent. It has been found that heavy metals are incorporated into beads glass matrix and can be seeped under environmental conditions that are subjected to roads.
Abrasion can remove these beads from the path that marks itself, and the reaction of these beads with the aqueous environment greatly accelerates the decomposition and release of heavy metals. During the elimination of routine road markers and harsh environmental conditions, these glass beads can lower and absorb the heavy metals entered. There are other non-toxic metals that can achieve the same result. These may include zirconium, tungsten, titanium, and barium.
Road marking techniques
Cat hot melt path marks are solid powders at room temperature. The thermoplastic paint is melted in a special machine called thermoplastic heater-mixer, before it is transferred to the marker marker tank. Larger tagging machines may have an internal heating mixer. The liquid layer is inserted into an isolated tagging bucket. The bucket of the market leads to the marking boots that apply the material. Moving the shoe forward pulls a thin layer of paint onto the road. The thickness of this layer is controlled by a gap between the marking shoe and the path. Special fittings can be spread even layer of glass beads to paint when stored.
Machine tagging type
Air spray is a marking method that uses compressed air to spray paint onto the road surface. The finely atomized paint produces thin and smooth layers, but the reflected airflow causes significant paint scattering. This produces rather careless signs.
High pressure non-pressure spraying using a high-pressure airless pump to spray paint. The atomised paint is not so smooth and smooth as air spray, but there is no high-speed air flow to spread the rebound paint. Clearly marked lines. This method can apply paint with high viscosity, and apply a relatively thick layer in one pass.
Additional supplies
Other equipment is often used with road marking machines. The main additives include thermoplastic paint pre-heaters, pre-marker hand pushers and road marker removers. Pre-heater thermoplastic paints are used to melt solid powder coatings into viscous liquids, providing a stable supply of paint to the marking machine. Pre-markers are used to draw sketches of the field first to avoid incorrect tagging. Street marker removal is used to remove old or false marks. Large self-propelled machines usually do not require supporting equipment, since equivalent functions are built.
Temporary marker
Pylons are sometimes used to separate HOV lines from regular traffic lanes. They are also used in areas where lines are used at different times to travel in both directions. These pylons have a shaft that falls into a hole in the road surface. A good example of this type of use is the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, before they switch to a moveable barrier system.
The removable band can also be used at the road construction site as a temporary marker. Cassettes can be placed to shift paths and black tape can be used to temporarily turn off existing marks. At the end of construction or within 6 months, the tape can be pulled out of the surface without the use of heat, solvents, or machinery.
Country-specific information
Americas
Most countries in North and South America have a yellow line that separates the direction of traffic. However, Chile uses a white line.
Canada
In general, Canada mark marker standards are consistent with those used throughout the United States.
The yellow line is used to separate the traffic moving in the opposite direction, and the white line is used to separate the traffic moving in the same direction, and on the shoulder of the paved road. In one direction the path, the yellow line appears on the left shoulder, and the white line on the right shoulder. Passing the rules is denoted by dashed lines as in the United States. The orange stripes are sometimes used when the road direction is changed temporarily for construction projects. However, the color scheme was reversed before 1971, when white was previously used to denote the opposite traffic separation, and the yellow line, when used, to indicate the separation of paved roads from the right shoulder. Canada adopted similar road marking standards to adapt to those adopted in the United States between 1971 and 1978.
Dotted lines that are wider and more dense when compared to dashed lines are commonly called continuity lines. The continuity line on the left side of the lane indicates that the path will end and the rider must immediately join to the left. The continuity line on the right means the path will continue, but traffic can unite forward.
In some areas, the reflective marker (cat's eye) hidden on the sidewalk is used, especially near the curve on the road.
Ontario has several test marking sidewalk areas located in different parts of the province. Probably the most famous location is the eastern path from Highway 401 near Belleville. The other test sites are located on the west path on Highway 417, east of Ottawa, Highway 60 West of Renfrew, Highway 28 east of Bancroft, Highway 400 North of Honey Harbor and on Highway 37, South of Tweed. Manufacturers who signify rackets from different parts of the world supply materials for this site to have their products evaluated and approved for use on provincial highways.
United States
In the United States, the first documented use of a painted midline was in 1911 along the Trenton River Road in Wayne County, Michigan. According to the state of Michigan, the idea of ​​using a painted centerline was conceived in 1911 by Edward N. Hines, chairman of Wayne County, Michigan, Road Council, after watching leaked milk trains leave a white trail along the way. Hines was the fifth recipient of the George S. Bartlett Award for Highway Advancement, and was inaugurated posthumously in 1972 into the Michigan Honor Transportation Hall for his innovation, and was honored in 2011 with Paul Mijksenaar Design for the first Function Award.
In 1917, the idea of ​​using a painted center line on a rural state highway was conceived and/or applied in at least three states (Michigan, Oregon, and California), apparently completely independent of each other. At a point in 1917, a white highway line was painted along the "Dead Man Curve" on what is now County Road 492 in Marquette County, Michigan, under the direction of Kenneth Ingalls Sawyer, who served as an inspector-technician at Marquette County. The Road Commission. Sawyer was inaugurated posthumously into the Honorary Hall of Michigan Transportation in 1973.
In Oregon in April 1917, the yellow diamond was depicted in the middle of the Columbia River Highway, between Crown Point and Multnomah Falls, toward the Deputy Sheriff of Multnomah County Peter Rexford. Then in 1917, the same line was passed to the west of Crown Point. Rexford first thought of the idea of ​​a yellow diamond in early 1917 on a bus ride from Salem, Oregon on a dark and rainy night, and advocated it as a security precaution on the Columbia River Highway, which Rexford patrolled as a traffic officer. When Multnomah County refused to fund the project, Rexford's boss, Deputy Chief Martin T. Pratt (the later elected Sheriff), paid the paint from his own pocket so the diameter could be painted. Rexford later described the line of April 1917 as "the first yellow diamond ever painted on the sidewalk" in the United States. An article published in The Oregonian after Rexford retired claimed that a contest with a $ 10,000 prize was ever held to determine the originator of the centerline of the highway, but the contest was canceled when information from Europe revealed that ancient civilizations had used bricks white to mark the centerline of their streets.
In the fall of 1917, Dr. June McCarroll from Indio, California developed the idea of ​​a white midline and began advocating its use, after he ran off the road with a truck while driving along a highway that would later be incorporated into the US. Route 99. Dr. McCarroll immediately communicated his idea to the local chamber of commerce and the Riverside County Supervisory Board, with no results. He then took it himself to paint a white line in the middle of the road, thus setting the actual lane width to prevent a similar accident. In 2002, part of Interstate 10 was set and signed as "The Doctor June McCarroll Memorial Freeway" in his honor.
The question of which color is used for the midline of the highway (dividing the opposite traffic) in the United States enjoys debates and standard changes for decades. By November 1954, 47 countries had adopted white as their standard color for the centerline of the highway, with Oregon being the last place to use yellow. In 1958, the US Street Public Bureau adopted white as the standard color for the new interstate toll road system. The 1971 edition of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Equipment , however, mandates yellow as the standard line color that separates national opponent traffic. Substitution to the 1971 MUTCD standard occurred between 1971 and 1975, with most being done in late 1973, so for two years, drivers still had to use old and new ones. Yellow is adopted because it has become a standard color warning sign, and because it is easy to teach the driver to associate yellow lines by dividing opposing traffic and white lines by dividing traffic in the same direction. In turn, these simple mnemonic devices greatly reduce direct collisions and improve road traffic safety.
The main drawback of the yellow-white MUTCD system is that it has slightly contrast compared to white, especially at night, so for maximum contrast, bright yellow - and highly toxic - lead chromate is used to paint the yellow line through the end of the 20th century. As a result, US transport workers must take special precautions when harassing or removing yellow stripes.
In the U.S., type, placement, and graphic standards of traffic signs, and road surfaces are regulated legally - Federal Highway Administration Guidelines on Uniform Traffic Control Equipment are standard, even though each country produces its own manuals under Federal guidance.
White line marks generally indicate the separation between lanes that run in the same direction while yellow marks show the opposite traffic on the other side of the line. In some areas, such as Colorado and Florida, black materials are applied on the surface before the shorter white lines are painted. This increases the contrast of marking of "white" sidewalks, such as concrete or faded asphalt.
In California, Botts dots are typically used to mark lanes on most roads. A large number of California cities also use Botts points on some (or all) major arterial roads. An important exception is the city of Los Angeles that only uses paint.
In California and Nevada, reflectors present the normally lines, and no paint is used for additional marks. Exceptions include: highway constructed from white concrete where painted lines are added to make the path more visible through the sun glare, the highway is built so wide that the risk of drift is minimal (eg, Interstate 5 in Central Valley), and the expressway in areas where it snows in winter (because the snow will erode Botts dots).
In general, single dashed lines mean passing through or changing allowed paths, single single white line means path changes are not recommended, but not forbidden, and double white lines mean being banned, as they are often in tunnels. On a two-lane road, a broken midline means that passing is permitted in both directions, a double solid mean cross is prohibited in both directions, and the combination of solid lines with dashed lines means that graduation is only allowed from the side with dashed lines and banned from the side with a solid line. The solid white line on the right side is called the Fog Line used to help cars stay on their tracks during foggy conditions and help pedestrians stay out of the way.
Marked cross marks indicated at least by a pair of white lines. On the main boulevards, the crossings are more highlighted by the zebra line, which is a large white rectangle across the crossings that is perpendicular to the traffic. To maximize the longevity of the zebra crossing lines, they are usually applied to suit the lane parts where the wheels of the car are usually not traveling, thus reducing the wear on the signs themselves.
Signs of pavement are used in addition to signs in the United States to establish regular parking spaces and defects. Normal parking spaces are usually marked with white, although other colors are used. Handicap parking space should be placed within a certain distance from the entrance. Blue marks are used to indicate where parking is reserved for people with a defective parking permit.
Asia
Hong Kong
Hong Kong road markers are essentially identical to the UK, with longer white lines to show opposing traffic lanes, and shorter dashed white lines for lanes in the same direction. Solid white double lines are used to indicate that the driver is not allowed to move lanes. Solid white lines with broken white lines indicate that crossing the line is allowed from the line closer to the broken line. Solid white double lines exist in all tunnels and underpasses.
As in England, a solid yellow line is painted along the kerbside to indicate that no parking is allowed, with a double yellow line meaning no parking is allowed at any time. The zigzag line is used on both ends of the zebra crossing. Buttons are also used as in England.
Japanese
In Japan, white always separates traffic in the same direction or shows traffic in the same direction can use a striped buffered area in a crosshatch pattern like the right turn on a two-way street because Japan is the country driving on the left side.
White is also used on highways that are shared with a raised center divider. A two-lane strip where the poles are the only physical barrier between the opposite direction of the journey always has yellow on either side of the polar sequence, and white between the yellow and polar lines.
White is also used to indicate passing allowed on other two-lane roads. Yellow indicates no graduation is allowed. In all the ways, the yellow stripes are always solid.
On the highway where there are many turns and sharp turns, seen mainly in the largest cities, the yellow line shows no passing path, as follows:
- Solid yellow color next to solid white: no entry allowed from the line next to it, but by passing it carefully.
- Solid yellow color next to white shards: passes allowed from the side with broken white lines, but not from the side with yellow lines.
- Solid yellow lines only: banned from one lane, used in very narrow indentations and in tunnels.
Other signs include the cities, destinations and names of the exit portrayed on the track, which is done due to very close exit distance, where in most cases it would be impractical to put up a lot of signs of overhead, although this is often looks out of the exit. , curved or tilted arrows pointing to the side of the exit toll road will light up. The straight arrow that follows the character indicates the purpose of the freeway.
Where a solid white line appears between lines, passing is generally allowed but with caution.
Europe
In general, European countries follow the Vienna Convention on Signs and Road Signs, which illustrate what road signs and road markings will be seen. The Convention has some flexibility so that road markings differ slightly between countries.
Most European countries order white to mark any routine path. Yellow is used to mark illicit parking, such as at bus stops. However, for example Norway has a yellow sign separating the direction of traffic. Many countries use yellow, orange, or red to indicate when the track is being temporarily shifted to make room for construction projects.
In the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and Britain, so-called "naked roads" have been piloted, where all visible street signs, curbs, traffic lights, and signs are removed, in urban streets. When this was tested at Seend, a village in the county of Wiltshire in England in 2005, the county council reported that the crash fell to a third, with the speed of motorists declining an average of 5%. It has been suggested that the naked road forces the driver to make eye contact with other road users, and that this nonverbal communication is responsible for the reduction of accidents. Others have suggested that road markings, especially with a central marker, make the road look like a main road, triggering faster and more relaxed driving, while there is no marking that makes the road look like a lower quality ramp.
This is the experience of marking recognition, at least on the narrow road and in the curve, the midline helps keep drivers on their side when meeting, and therefore reduces the accident of the meeting. Note that the 2005 experiment is on an urban road. In Sweden, local roads generally have no signs.
Dutch
In the Netherlands all white lines are common, while yellow lines are used to mark off banned (yellow cut off), illicit parking (uninterrupted yellow) and for a while in construction projects.
The shoulder lines are generally cut off outside the area built to make the driver aware of the presence of bicycles and pedestrians crossing, road cars and cars stop. Wider roads sometimes have one, but in many cases have a double diameter. The interrupted midline means overtaking is allowed, a solid line means overtaking is not allowed, depending on which side of the solid double line. Smaller streets and roads where bicycles are allowed generally do not have a diameter, and many country roads have no lines at all. Sometimes there is a diameter just in a sharp curve.
A shoulder line on the highway and a densely packed highway to imply the absence of traffic and public housing access roads, and is not allowed to leave roads in places other than specified exits. The freeway always has a double diameter. Exit and acceleration paths are separated by 'marking block'.
In addition, some traffic signs are painted on the road, such as speed limits and warning signs.
Norwegian
In Norway, yellow lines are used to separate traffic moving in the opposite direction and on the left shoulder of an asphalt road, and white lines are used to separate traffic moving in the same direction, and on the right shoulder of a paved road. On a narrower road of six meters (20 feet), the center line is removed, and the shoulder line is broken. Short lines and breaks means passing allowed, long, dashed lines means passing allowed but dangerous, and double yellow lines means passing banned. Roads with speed limits below 60 km/h indicating that passes are allowed but dangerous, have very short yellow lines, not long ones. On the highway, the left shoulder is a yellow line, as in the US. Most other European countries use white lines for all types of this line.
United Kingdom
In England, the idea of ​​painting the middle white line was first experimented with in 1921 at Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham. After complaints by residents over reckless driving and multiple collisions, Sutton Coldfield Corporation decided to paint a line on Maney Corner in the Maney area.
In 1971, a correspondent for Sutton Coldfield News wrote an article in the newspaper recalling the event.
The line was entered as an experiment because there were many accidents there, even in the early days of the car. This experiment proved so successful that the whole country adopted it as a standard road safety device, and then foreign countries painted the line on their way as well.
During World War II, the Pedestrian Association lobbied the government to make it safer for pedestrians to walk during fainting. As a result, white lines are painted on the side of the road and pedestrians are allowed to use small torches.
In Britain, the first "white line" road markings appeared on a number of dangerous bends on London-Folkestone street in Ashford, Kent, in 1914, and during the 1920s the appearance of painted lines on British highways grew dramatically. In 1926 the official guidance was issued by the Ministry of Transport which established where and how the white lines on the road should be used. The broken white line toward the journey, where the slit is longer than the painted line, shows the center of the road and there is no special danger to the design and layout of the road, ie no turns, sharp curves in front, etc. A broken white line where the shorter slits of the painted line indicate the impending danger, the proportion of white to black indicates a greater danger level ie white means more harm.
The Ministry of Transport experimented with a double line marking for the first time on A20 and A3 parts during Easter in 1957. The signs were reminiscent, and had no legal status at the time, but motorists were advised to ignore they could weigh heavily against someone involved in accidents around them. Furthermore, "it is in order, if it is safe to do so, to cross the line only when the damaged one is on your side.This is not to cross when a solid line is on your side or to park there." Despite instructions on parking, it was observed that nine bus stops were located within the prohibited parking area.
Double solid white lines indicate that the line should not be crossed, overtaking is allowed if it can be done safely without crossing the line. Solid lines can be crossed under certain conditions (entering place, overtaking a stationary vehicle, overtaking a vehicle, pedal or horse cycle running less than 10 mph, or when directed to do so by a police officer). Solid white lines with parallel broken white lines indicate that crossing the line is allowed for traffic in one direction (the side closest to the broken line) and not the other.
Solid white lines are also used to mark the outer edges of the road.
The double yellow line (commonly known simply as "Double Yellow") next to the sidewalk means that no parking is allowed at any time, while a yellow line is used along with signs to indicate that parking is limited at certain times. Double and single red lines mean stop is not allowed anytime or between specific times of each.
In many streets of England, the retro-reflective buttons, including the so-called "cat's eye" when referring to the male Halifax type stud, are placed on the road. This device reflects light from the car's headlights back to the driver to highlight road features in poor visibility or at night. The color of the button is different according to the location. Those who define the division between white stripes, red road studs are placed along heavy heavy shoulders, dual traffic lanes and other roads to mark the left edge of the track; and orange street buttons are placed along the edge of the central reservation. The green street buttons show street slips at separate grade intersections as well as road-lay-bys sides.
Detailed information on UK road markings can be found in the Highway Code and on the gov.uk website.
Oceania
Australia
In Australia, white lines are generally used to separate traffic flows in the same direction and traffic flowing in the opposite direction. Double double white double line may not pass under any circumstances, except to avoid obstruction. Dotted lines can be crossed for overtaking, altering lanes or spinning, and also in case of double line markings provided dotted lines are on your side of the markings. For this reason dashed lines are usually used to mark multiple travel paths in one direction. A yellow line along the curb is used nationally to indicate a "No Stand" area that is not marked with signs. Solid white lines are also used to indicate parking on the kerbside side, pedestrian and bicycle paths, and other kerbside features. Yellow line marks are also used in areas that receive regular annual snowfall to provide contrast. A double line is used to separate traffic flow in the opposite direction on a busy road.
Solid white lines are used to mark the intersections that the driver must stop before entering while complying with all Road Rights laws. The dashed white lines are used to mark the intersections where the driver must Give the Way. Dotted white lines are also often used to indicate turns at intersections and to indicate the intersections where diamond turns are possible (intersections where two cars traveling in opposite directions move in the same direction-traveling like each other without touch).
The materials used are water-borne paint, thermoplastic, and cold applied plastic (PMMA), all with glass beads. Bead is generally 1mm to mark longitudinal. Currently moving into a performance-determined contract with a retro-reflective main performance indicator measured with 30 meters of geometry instrument. The level of intervention varies generally from 100-150 mcd/lux/m2.
New Zealand
Although New Zealand follows a solid yellow line convention to show no passing road with two-way traffic, it uses a dotted white line to indicate when passing against enemy traffic is allowed on two-lane roads and which is shorter to separate the path that leads in the same direction. The New Zealand Convention follows a common USA MUTCD convention between 1961 and the early seventies.
See also
- Traffic lane
- Zebra crossing
- Pedestrian crossing
- Paint (road marker paint)
- The road sign machine
- Thermoplastic path marking paint
References
External links
- US. Federal Highway Administration - Learn About The Pavement Marking
- Road Thermoplastic Marking (India)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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