Development geography

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Development geography is a branch of geography that refers to the standard of living and the quality of life of its human population. In this context, development is a process of change that affects people's lives. This may involve an improvement in the quality of life as perceived by those who experience change. However, development is not always a positive process. Gunder Frank commented on the strength of the global economy that led to the development of backwardness. This is included in the theory of dependence.

In development geography, geographers study the spatial patterns in development. They try to find out what characteristics they can measure by looking at economic, political and social factors. They seek to understand both the geographical causes of the causes and the consequences of various developments. The Study compares more economically developed countries (MEDCs) with less developed economies (LEDCs). In addition, variations in countries are seen as differences between northern and southern Italy, Mezzogiorno.

Video Development geography

Indikator kuantitatif

Quantitative indicators are indicative of numerical development.

• The economy includes per capita GNP (Gross National Product), unemployment rate, energy consumption and GNP percentage in primary industry. Of this amount, GNP per capita is the most widely used because it measures the value of all goods and services produced in a country, excluding those produced by foreign companies, so as to measure the economic and industrial development of the country. However, using per capita GNP also has many problems.
  • This does not take into account the often very unequal distribution of money as in the UAE where oil money has been collected by wealthy elites and has not yet flowed into most countries.
  • The GNP does not measure whether the money generated actually improves people's lives and this is important because in many MEDCs there is a massive increase in wealth over time but little increase in happiness.
  • This number rarely takes into account the unofficial economy, which includes subsistence farming and hand-held or unpaid cash work, which is often substantial in the LEDC. In LEDC it is often too expensive to collect this data accurately and some governments intentionally or unintentionally issue inaccurate numbers.
  • This figure is usually given in US dollars which due to currency exchange changes can distort the actual value of the money path so often it is converted using purchasing power parity (PPP) in which the actual comparative purchasing power of the country's money is calculated.
• Social indications include access to clean water and sanitation (indicating the level of infrastructure developed in the country) and adult literacy rate, measuring the resources that the government must meet the needs of the community.
• Demographic indicators include birth rates, mortality and fertility rates, which indicate the level of industrialization.
  • Health indicators (sub-factors of demographic indicators) include nutrition (calories per day, calories from protein, percentage of population with malnutrition), infant mortality and population per doctor, indicating availability of health and sanitation facilities in a country.
• Environmental indications include how many countries do for the environment.

Composite indicator

• In the table below, GDP stands for gross domestic product, which is generally considered to be equivalent to GNP.
• Other combined measures include the PQLI (Physical Life Quality Index) which is a precursor of HDI using infant mortality instead of per capita GNP and a country of identification from 0 to 100. This is calculated by setting each country a score of 0 to 100 for each indicator compared to other countries in the world. The average of these three numbers makes PQLI a country.
• The HPI (Human Poverty Index) is used to calculate the percentage of people in a country living in relative poverty. To better differentiate the number of people in very poor living conditions, HPI-1 is used in developing countries, and HPI-2 is used in developed countries. HPI-1 is calculated based on the percentage of people not expected to survive up to 40, adult illiteracy rate, percentage of people who do not have access to clean water, health services, and percentage of children under the age of 5 who are underweight. HPI-2 is calculated on the basis of percentage of non-survivors up to 60, adult functional illiteracy rate and percentage of people living below 50% of median individual disposable income.
• The GDI (Gender-Related Development Index) measures gender equality in a country in terms of life expectancy, literacy rate, school attendance and income.

Maps Development geography

Qualitative indicators

Qualitative indicators include description of living conditions and quality of life of the community. They are useful in analyzing features that are not easily quantified or measured in numbers such as freedom, corruption, or security, which are primarily non-material benefits.

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Geographic variation in development

There is considerable spatial variation in the level of development.

Global wealth is also increasing in material terms, and during the period from 1947 to 2000, per capita average incomes tripled when global GDP increased almost tenfold (from US $ 3 trillion to US $ 30 trillion)... Over 25 % of 4.5 billion people in LEDCs still have life expectancy below 40 years. More than 80 countries had lower annual per capita incomes in 2000 than they did in 1990. The average income in the five richest countries in the world is 74 times the rate in the five poorest in the world, the most extensive ever. Nearly 1.3 billion people do not have access to clean water. About 840 million people are malnourished.

The most famous pattern in development is the North-South split. The North-South divide separates the Northern world or the rich developed world, from the impoverished South. This division line is not as simple as it sounds and splits the globe into two main parts. This is also known as the Brandt Line.

"North" in the split is considered as North America, Europe, Russia, South Korea, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and the like. Countries in the region are generally more economically developed. Therefore, "South" covers the rest of the Southern Hemisphere, mostly consisting of KFC. Another dividing line is the Tropic of Cancer with the exception of Australia and New Zealand. It is important to understand that state status is far from static and the pattern tends to become distorted with the rapid development of certain southern countries, many of them NICs (New Industrialized Countries) including India, Thailand, Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico and others. These countries are experiencing rapid and sustained developments in the back of a growing manufacturing industry and exports.

Most countries experience significant increases in wealth and living standards. However, there are unfavorable exceptions to this rule. It seems that some Soviet states have suffered major disruptions in the industry in transition to a market economy. Many African countries have recently experienced a decline in GNP due to the war and the AIDS epidemic, including Angola, Congo, Sierra Leone and others. Arab oil producers depend heavily on oil exports to support their GDP so any falling market price of oil can lead to a rapid decline in GNP. Countries that rely on little exports for most of their income are particularly vulnerable to changes in the market value of these commodities and often derogatively called banana republics. Many developing countries rely on the exports of some of the main goods to a large amount of their income (eg coffee and wood), and this can create damage when the value of these commodities declines, making these countries have no way of paying off their debts. debt.

Within the country, the pattern is that wealth is more concentrated in urban areas than in rural areas. Wealth also tends to areas with natural resources or in areas involved in tertiary industry and trade (services). This leads to the collection of wealth around mines and monetary centers such as New York, London and Tokyo.

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Obstacles to international development

Geographers along with other social scientists have acknowledged that certain factors that exist in a particular society can hamper the social and economic development of that society. Factors, which have been identified as economic and social welfare barriers to developing societies, include:

• Lack of education
• Lack of health care
• Ease of intoxicating medicine
• Weak political, social and economic institutions
• Ineffective taxes
• Environmental degradation
• Lack of freedom of religion/gender/racial/sexual
• Debt
• Protectionist barriers to trade
• Foreign help
• Dependency on the export of primary resources
• Uneven distribution of wealth
• Unfriendly climate

Effective governance can overcome many obstacles to economic and social development, but in many instances this is challenging because road dependency societies develop on many of these issues. Some developmental constraints may not be possible to overcome, such as climate barriers to development. In these cases, the community should evaluate whether the climatic barriers to such a development dictate that communities should relocate certain settlements to enjoy greater economic development.

Many scholars agree that foreign aid given to developing countries is ineffective and in many ways counterproductive. This is due to the way in which foreign aid transforms incentives for productivity in a particular developing society, and the way in which foreign aid has a tendency to undermine the government responsible for its allocation and distribution.

Cultural barriers to development such as discrimination based on gender, race, religion, or sexual orientation are challenging to be addressed in certain oppressive societies, although recent advances have been significant in some societies.

While the above-mentioned barriers to economic growth and development are the most common in the least developed countries of the world, even the most developed economies are plagued by barriers to development such as drug bans and income inequality.

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Help

MEDC (More Economically Developed Countries) can provide assistance to LEDCs (Emerging Developing Countries). There are several types of help:

• Government assistance (bilateral)
• International Organizations (multilateral) Assistance, e.g. World Bank
• Voluntary assistance from individuals, often mediated through NGOs
• Short-term/emergency assistance (humanitarian assistance)
• Long-term/continuous assistance
• Non-governmental organization (NGO) assistance

Assistance can be provided in several ways. Through money, material, or a skilled and learned person (eg Teacher).

Help has advantages. Most short-term aid or emergency assistance helps people at LEDC to survive naturally (earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions etc.) or humanitarian disasters (civil war etc.). Assistance helps make the recipient country (the country receiving aid) to be more developed.

However, aid also has its disadvantages. Often aid does not even reach the poorest people. Often money earned from aid is used to make infrastructure (bridges, roads etc.), which can only be used by rich people. Also, recipient countries are becoming more dependent on aid from donor countries (countries that provide assistance).

While the concept of aid above has become the most widespread in development geographic work, it is important to remember that the relief landscape is much more complex than one flow of direction from 'advanced' country to 'developing country'. Development geographers have been at the forefront of research aimed at understanding material exchange and discourse around 'South-South' development cooperation. The 'non-traditional' foreign aid from the Southern, Middle Eastern and post-Socialist countries (those outside the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC)) provides an alternative development discourse and approach to the Western mainstream model. Development geographers seek to examine the geopolitical drivers behind the "LEDC" aid donor program, as well as the discursively symbolic repertoire of non-DAC donor countries. Two illustrative examples of the complex relief landscape are China, which has been active as a donor of aid throughout the second half of the twentieth century but published the first report on the recent foreign aid policy in 2011 and India, often cited aid recipients. , but who has had donor programs to Nepal and Bhutan since the 1950s.

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References

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Note

• Allen J. Scott & amp; Gioacchino Garofoli (2007) Development on the Ground. Routledge, London.
• Social and Spatial Disparities

Source of the article : Wikipedia