Mastectomy (from Greek ?????? "breast" and ?????? ektomia "cut") is the medical term for surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely.
Mastectomy is usually done to treat breast cancer. In some cases, people who are believed to be at high risk of developing breast cancer have prophylaxis, ie as a precaution. It is also a medical procedure performed to remove cancer tissue. Alternatively, some patients may choose to have extensive local excision, also known as lumpectomy, an operation in which small volumes of breast tissue containing tumors and surrounding healthy tissue are removed to preserve the breast.
Mastectomy and lumpectomy are both referred to as "local therapy" for breast cancer, targeting tumor areas, compared with systemic therapy, such as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or immunotherapy.
Traditionally, in the case of breast cancer, the entire breast is removed. Currently, the decision to perform a mastectomy is based on a variety of factors, including breast size, number of lesions, biological aggressiveness of breast cancer, availability of adjuvant radiation, and patient's willingness to receive higher tumor recurrence rates after lumpectomy and radiation. The results of a study comparing mastectomy with lumpectomy with radiation suggest that routine radical mastectomy surgery will not always prevent secondary tumors that subsequently emerge from micro-metastasis prior to discovery, diagnosis, and surgery.
Video Mastectomy
Medical use
Despite the increased ability to offer breast conservation techniques for patients with breast cancer, certain groups may be better served by traditional mastectomy procedures including:
- people who have had radiation therapy to the affected breast
- people with 2 or more areas of cancer in the same breast that are too far away to be removed through a surgical incision, while maintaining a satisfactory breast appearance
- those with early lumpectomy along with (one or more) re-excision have not completely eliminated the cancer
- people with certain serious connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma, which make them very sensitive to the side effects of radiation therapy
- pregnant women who will need radiation while pregnant (harm the child)
- people with tumors larger than 5 cm (2 inches) that do not shrink very much with neoadjuvant chemotherapy
- relatively large cancer sufferers with their breast size
- people who have tested positive for a damaging mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes and opted for preventative mastectomy because they are at high risk for breast cancer progression.
- men with gynecomastia
Maps Mastectomy
Side effects
According to cancer.org, apart from postoperative pain and obvious changes in breast shape, possible side effects from mastectomy include wound infections, hematoma (accumulation of blood on the wound), and seroma. (the accumulation of clear liquid in the wound). If the lymph nodes are also removed, additional side effects may occur.
Type
Before surgery, everyone will meet with the surgeon a few days before surgery or even the day before, however, a much longer period is very beneficial as it allows patients to weigh more objective options. Although there is some urgency in the timing of surgery, the patient needs some time after the initial shock to hear the verdict of cancer; otherwise he might regret his decision. The extent and specific details of the mastectomy will be discussed along with one's medical history.
The most important thing is the decision of women whether the whole breast should be discarded, or only part of it - and that is usually more of a personal choice than medical judgment. The medical view emphasizes the statistical facts of a much stronger chance of cure and survival when the breast is fully removed, even when the size of the cancer is small. From a personal point of view, the perspective of having no breasts is very painful and difficult to accept. At this point the support of family and good friends can make the difference between life and death, because it is easier for a friend to present the future after the operation in the "real" way, thus facilitating a sensible decision.. A very important dilemma will weigh on aesthetics and pride, against the possibility of healing and survival, which is much better when the breast is fully lifted 100%. During this consideration, it is very painful, one needs to realize that a flat chest without a woman's breasts, even without a nipple, does not look bad at all, no one feels shy, or feels embarrassed; this looks neutral - much better than partial, removed, broken breasts. Because surgery can not be avoided, for people who are open to seeing problems in this way, the choice becomes easier.
Before the operation, the person will have time to ask questions about the procedure at this time and after all is stated, the consent form is signed. Information about not eating or drinking anything else would be lost as well. The person will also meet with an anesthesiologist or a health professional who will administer anesthesia on the day of surgery.
Recent research has shown that mammograms should not be performed with increased frequency than normal procedures in people who undergo breast surgery, including breast augmentation, mastopection, and breast reduction.
During operation
On the day of surgery, the person will start an IV line, which will be used to administer the drug. Since this is a broad procedure the person will be connected to the ECG machine and also has a blood pressure cuff to monitor vital signs and heart rhythms throughout the entire operation. Anesthesia will be given, which will cause the person to sleep. Operation time all depends on the extent and type of mastectomy what will be done.
After operation
When the procedure is completed, the patient will be taken to the recovery room where they are monitored until they wake up and their vital signs remain stable. It is normal for people who have a mastectomy to stay in the hospital for 1 to 2 nights and they are released to go home if they work well. The decision to go home should be made by a doctor based on the overall health of the person at that time. The man was dressed with a bandage on the surgery site wrapped around his chest with fitting. It is common to have a drainage coming from the incision site to help remove blood and lymph nodes to begin the healing process. The patient may have to be taught to empty, treat, and measure fluid from the drains. Measuring liquids will help identify problems that doctors need to watch out for. Patients should be taught the effects of surgery, as normal activities can be changed. It is possible that pain, numbness, or tingling in the chest and arms may continue long after surgery. It is recommended that patients see their surgeon 7-14 days after surgery, during this time the doctor will explain the results and talk about further treatment if necessary such as radiation and chemotherapy. The doctor may refer the patient to a plastic surgeon if he shows interest in breast reconstruction surgery.
Trends
Between 2005 and 2013, the overall mastectomy rate increased 36 percent, from 66 to 90 per 100,000 adult women. The rate of hospitalized bilateral mastectomy (combined inpatients and outpatients) is more than threefold, from 9.1 to 29.7 per 100,000 adult women, whereas the unilateral mastectomy rate remains relatively stable at around 60 per 100,000 women. From 2005 to 2013, bilateral outpatient mastectomy rates increased more than fivefold and hospitalization rates nearly tripled. Unilateral mastectomy rates nearly doubled in ambulatory settings but decreased 28 percent in inpatient settings. By 2013, almost half of all mastectomies are outpatient.
Epidemiology
Mastectomy rates vary widely around the world, as documented by the 2004 'Intergroup Exemestane Study', an analysis of surgical techniques used in international adjuvant treatment trials among 4,700 women with early breast cancer in 37 countries. The highest mastectomy rate in central and eastern Europe was 77%. The US has the second highest mastectomy rate with 56%, western and northern Europe averaging 46%, southern Europe 42% and Australia and New Zealand 34%.
History
Mastectomy for breast cancer was performed at least in the early 548 AD, when it was proposed by court physician AÃÆ'§tius of Amida to Theodora. He refused the operation, and died a few months later.
Female members of the Skoptsy sect at Tsarist Russia also practice mastectomy as a castration ritual for men, according to their belief that sexual desire is evil.
The first image of breast cancer surgery results was on the cover of the New York Times in 1993 by Winstein. This is a real picture of Matuschka with his scar that makes people angry.
Society and culture
In recent years, designers have served the medical market and those who are affected by surgical procedures. Many dresses designed with this market have cotton pads or pouches so that inserts of various sizes can be placed in one or both garment cups. Some fashion designers even produce mastectomy swimsuits with similar formats in mind
See also
- Breast reconstruction
- Breast cancer management
- Sex-change operation (female-to-male)
- List of operations by type
References
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=oX90OUQAAAAJ
External links
- Advice to Men with Breast Cancer at the National Cancer Institute
- Study mastectomy on the BBC
- Article mastectomy in eMedicine
- Mastectomy - a slideshow by The New York Times
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments