The Global Peace Index ( GPI ) measures the relative position of the peace of the nation and region. GPI places 163 independent states and territories according to their level of peace.
The GPI is a report produced by the Institute of Economics and Peace (IEP) and was developed in consultation with an international panel of peacemakers from peace agencies and think tanks with data collected and compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit. The index was first launched in May 2007, with subsequent reports released each year. It is claimed to be the first study to rank countries around the world according to their peace. By 2017 it ranked 163 countries, up from 121 in 2007. In the past decade, the GPI has presented a trend of increasing global violence and lacking peace. The research is the brainchild of Australian technology entrepreneur Steve Killelea, founder of Integrated Research, and supported by individuals such as former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, Dalai Lama, archbishop Desmond Tutu, former Finnish President and Nobel Peace Prize winner 2008 Martti Ahtisaari, Nobel Prize laureate Muhammad Yunus, economist Jeffrey Sachs, former Irish president Mary Robinson, former UN Under Secretary General Jan Eliasson and former US president Jimmy Carter. The updated index is released annually at events in London, Washington, DC; and at the Secretariat of the United Nations in New York among many others.
The GPI measures global peace using three broad themes: the level of public safety and security, the current level of domestic and international conflict, and the degree of militarization. Factors are internal such as the level of violence and crime within the state and externally such as military expenditure and war. This has been criticized by Riane Eisler for excluding specific indicators relating to violence against women and children, but reliable international data on these subjects is not available or very rarely reported in many countries.
The 2017 GPI shows Iceland, New Zealand, Portugal, Austria and Denmark being the most peaceful and Syrian states, Afghanistan, Iraq, Southern Sudan and Yemen to be the least peaceful. The 2017 GPI's long-term findings include a less than peaceful world over the past decade, 2.14 percent decline in global peace levels in the past decade, increasing inequality in peace between most and least peaceful countries, long-term reduction in the GPI Militarization domain, and impact widespread terrorism, with the historically high numbers killed in terrorist incidents over the past 5 years.
Video Global Peace Index
Panel pakar
Expert panel for GPI 2016 and 2017 consists of:
- Professor Kevin P. Clements, Chair of the Peace and Conflict Studies Foundation and Director, National Center for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Otago, New Zealand
- Dr Sabina Alkire, Director, Oxford Poverty & amp; Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford, United Kingdom Dr Ian Anthony, Research Coordinator and Director of Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-proliferation, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Sweden
- Ms Isabelle Arrandon, Director of Research and Deputy Director of Communications & amp; Outreach, International Crisis Group, Belgium
- Dr Manuela Mesa, Director, Research Center for Education and Peace (CEIPAZ) and President, Spanish Peace Association for Peace Research (AIPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Mr. Nick Grono, CEO, The Freedom Fund, United Kingdom
- Dr. Ekaterina Stepanova, Head, Unit on Peace and Conflict Studies, Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO), Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Maps Global Peace Index
Methodology
In assessing peace, the GPI investigates the extent to which the state is engaged in ongoing domestic and international conflicts. It also seeks to evaluate the degree of harmony or disagreement within a nation; ten indicators widely assess what might be described as safety and security in society. Its affirmations are low crime rates, minimal incidents of terrorist acts and violent demonstrations, harmonious relations with neighboring countries, stable political arenas and a small proportion of displaced populations or refugees can be a suggestion of peace.
By 2017, 23 indicators are used to establish a country's peace score. Indicators were initially selected with the help of an expert panel in 2007 and reviewed by an expert panel on an annual basis. Scores for each indicator are normalized on a scale of 1-5, where the qualitative indicator is divided into five groups and the quantitative is scored from 1-5, to the third decimal point. Indicator table below. In the table, UCDP stands for Uppsala Conflict Data Program managed by Uppsala University in Sweden, EIU for Intelligence Unit Economist, UNSCT for UN Survey of Criminal Trends and Criminal Justice System Operations, ICPS is the International Center for Prison Studies at King's College London, IISS for the International Institute for the publication of the Strategic Review of Military Balance , and SIPRI for the Gun Transfer Database of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
Unrated indicator on a scale of 1 to 5 is converted by using the following formula: x = (x-Min (x))/(Max (x) -Min (x)) where Max (x) and Min (x) are the highest and lowest values ​​for indicators of the ranking countries in the index. The resulting 0 to 1 score is then converted to a scale of 1 to 5. Individual indicators are then weighed according to expert panel assessments for their benefit. The score is then tabulated into two weighted sub-indices: internal peace, weighted 60% of the country's final score, and external peace, weighing on 40% of the final country score. 'Negative Peace' defined as the absence of violence, or fear of violence is used as a definition of peace to create the Global Peace Index. The additional purpose of the GPI database is to facilitate a deeper study of positive peace concepts, or attitudes, institutions, and structures that promote peace in society. The GPI also examines the relationship between peace and reliable international measures, including democracy and transparency, education and material welfare. Thus, he seeks to understand the relative importance of the various potential determinants, or "drivers," which can affect the care of a peaceful society, both internally and externally.
The main findings of the Global Peace Index 2017 are:
- The overall score for the 2017 GPI has increased slightly this year due to a rise in six of the nine geographical areas being represented. More countries increased their level of peace, rather than worsened: 93 compared to 68.
- Peace building activities can be very cost-effective, providing 16 times the cost savings of interventions.
- The global economic impact of violence is $ 14.3 trillion in PPP by 2016, equivalent to 12.6 percent of global GDP, or $ 1,953 per person.
- In the Low Peace neighborhood, the most important factors related to Good Functioning Governance, Low Level Corruption, Acceptance of the Rights of Others and Good Relations with Neighbors
- Because of the armed conflict in MENA, many related indicators such as deaths from internal conflicts, the number of IDPs and IDPs, and organized internal conflicts are at a high level.
- Safety and Security is increasing as many countries record lower murder rates and lower levels of political terror.
Statistical analysis applied to GPI data to uncover specific conditions conducive to peace. Researchers have determined that Positive Peace, which includes attitudes, institutions, and structures that prevent conflict and facilitate functional communities, is a key driver of peace. The eight pillars of positive peace are well-functioning governments, healthy business environments, the acceptance of the rights of others, good relations with neighbors, free information flow, high human capital levels, low levels of corruption, and equitable distribution of resources. A well-functioning government, low levels of corruption, acceptance of the rights of others and good relations with neighbors are more important in countries suffering from high levels of violence. Free flow of information and a healthy business environment becomes more important when a country approaches the global average level of peace, which is also described as the level of Middle Peace. The low level of corruption is the only Significant pillar in all three levels of peace. This shows that this is an important transformational factor at all stages of national development.
International response for GPI
The index has received support as a political project of a number of key international figures, including former Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, former Finnish President and Nobel Peace Prize winner 2008 Martti Ahtisaari, Dalai Lama, archbishop Desmond Tutu, Muhammad Yunus and former President United States Jimmy Carter Steve Killelea AM, an Australian philanthropist with the idea of ​​Index, argues that the "Index is a call for leaders around the world.
The index has been widely known. Professor Jeffrey Sachs, Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University said: "The GPI continues its pioneering work in drawing global attention to the enormous resources we spend in violence and conflict, life and money wasted in war, detention, weapons systems, weapons trade and much more, can be directed towards ending poverty, promoting education, and protecting the environment.The GPI will not only draw attention to these important issues, but help us understand and invest productively in a more peaceful world.
Marla Mossman of the Alliance's Peace Leadership Council said he believes that measurement of the Global Peace Index can be useful for drafting government policies, helping governments to identify problems and develop practical and relevant policies. Furthermore, he said that he saw the Index indicator as, "measuring the health of the nation, so we can really take the world temperature: are we healthy? Are we feverish?"
Following the 2015 GPI release, Professor Sir Lawrence Freedman of King's College in London called the Index, "an incredibly useful information agency," and his analysis "the best indicator of future conflict is past conflict. The challenge is how we break the cycle."
The Economist , in publishing the first edition of the index in 2007, acknowledged that, "the index will experience some criticism." In particular, according to The Economist, the weighting of military spending "may seem to give the hearts of freeloaders: peace-loving nations precisely because others (often US) care about their defenses." The actual utility of the index may not lie in the specific rankings of countries now, but how these rankings change over time, thus tracking when and how countries become more or less peaceful.
In 2012, the Economist suggested that "measuring peace is like trying to describe how happiness smells." The publication acknowledges that GPI has produced some "surprising results" and argues that "part of the appeal of the index is that readers can examine each variable in turn and think about how much weight to add to each."
The Australian National University said that the GPI report "presents the latest and most comprehensive global data on trends in peace, violence and war" and "provides the world's best analysis of statistical factors related to long-term peace as well as economic analysis on the macroeconomic impact of daily violence and war on the global economy. "
The GPI has been criticized for excluding specific indicators relating to violence against women and children. Back in 2007, Riane Eisler, writing in Christian Science Monitor , argued that, "subtly, this blind spot makes the index extremely inaccurate." He cites certain cases, including Egypt, where he claims 90% of women are subject to genital mutilation, and China, where, she says, "female infanticide is still a problem," according to UNICEF research in 2000.
Senior Analyst at the Near Eastern Institute of Military Analysis and the Gulf, Sabhat Khan, argues that the Index should "involve more context in the security environment." Referring to the ranking of the UAE GPI in particular, Khan argues that "the measurements commonly used by those ratings are raw data without contextualizing them;" for example, the UAE should step up its security apparatus to respond to shocks in neighboring countries such as Iraq, Syria and Yemen, all of which are ranked at the bottom of the GPI.
World leaders talk about GPI
During the Peace Forum in August 2017, Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernandez said that "receiving such high praise from an institution that once named the world's most violent country is very significant... My government will continue to fight to protect all Hondurans. "The president recently launched an initiative to build a series of safe parks in Honduras and hopes to see further improvements reflected in GPI ratings in the future.
Malaysia ranks 29 in GPI 2017. The country's Minister of Communications and Multimedia, Datuk Seri Salleh Said Keruak, said that this ranking along with Malaysia's highlands in the World Happening Report 2017 is proof that "government efforts have made Malaysia a safe and prosperous country. " He also admitted, "there's still plenty of room for improvement to make Malaysia the best among the better countries and that's what we do now."
After releasing the 2016 GPI, the Botany's Office of the President released a proud statement, "in this year's Index, Botswana is ranked 28th of 163 countries, up 3rd place from last year.Botswana continues to put more than half of it from European countries surveyed as well as the five Permanent Members of the UN Security Council... in addition to Botswana being one of only five countries, to achieve a perfect score in the domains of domestic and international conflicts. "
Navid Hanif, Director of the UN Office for Support and Coordination of ECOSOC, said: "It is intuitive that peace is useful and peace is the gift itself, but the IEP is trying to draw more conclusions based on evidence, now the index covers 99% of the population, it has come This report systematically measures peace and identifies the determinants of peace. "
Reacting to the 2017 outcome of the GPI, which puts the Philippines at 138th place out of 163 countries, mainly because of poor scores in public safety and security due to President Duterte's war on drugs, Philippine Presidential spokesman Ernesto Abella said, "We're not entirely sure where the GPI, an analyst for the Global Peace Index... which is supposed to be local, really comes in. There may be a political slope somewhere... based on survey results, Filipino net satisfaction is quite high. "
Sierra Leone is ranked 39th in the 2017 Global Peace Index. Former Chief of Staff and Advisor to the National Security Office (ONS), Dr. Jonathan PJ Sandy, "Welcomed the recently released Global Peace Index 2017 report that places Sierra Leone first, as the most peaceful country in West Africa and third on the African continent... He observes that according to the report itself, the election in the future may be successfully implemented. "Presidential Spokesman Abdulai Bayraytay" says that the favorable Global Peace rank from Sierra Leone will be a boost for the country to do more. "
Media coverage
The Independent: Global Peace Index: US Facing New Era of Instability As the Middle East Sinks Deeper into Turmoil : "The annual global peace index has concluded that the US political turmoil has pushed North America into deep instability in the year 2016 while the Middle East sank deeper into turmoil.Although it portrays a commotion across the continent, Global Peace Index 2017 says the world as a whole has become more peaceful last year when measured by various indicators. "
BBC: Global Peace Index 2017: World 0.28% more peaceful than last year: "The level of peace around the world has increased slightly for the first time since the Syrian war began, but harmony has declined in the US. terrorism records have increased, a Sydney-based think-tank has been found. "
Forbes: "The Global Peace Index, compiled by the Institute annually, paints a bleak picture: The world has become less peaceful by 2016, continuing the trend of increasing violence and strife for a decade.Published every year since 2008, the Index of 163 states and territories independent with their level of peace. "
Forbes: The Worst and Worst Country in the World [Infographic]: "The 2017 Global Peace Index has found that the world has been a slightly safer place for the past year, but the political fall and rooted in the division brought by the US presidential election campaign has caused a decline in the level of peace in North America. "
The Guardian: White House Campaign Failed as a US Bucks Global Trends to Peace: "The divisive nature of Donald Trump's rise to the White House has increased mistrust of the US government and means social problems tend to become more entrenched , say the authors of the annual Global Peace Index, in which 163 countries and regions are analyzed. "
HuffingtonPost:
The Washington Times: US. The 114th Most Peaceful Nation on Earth says Annual Global Rank: "This index is produced by the Australian-based Institute of Economics and Peace, which illustrates that the impact of worldwide disputes is $ 14.3 trillion. bad However, in a nutshell, the index found that 93 countries became 'more peaceful' last year, 68 'less peaceful'. "
Business Insider: The 12th Most Safe Country in the World: " The Think Tank for Economy and Peace recently published the Global Peace Index 2017, which revealed the safest and most dangerous countries - in The report places 163 countries based on how peaceful they are, rating is determined by 23 factors, including murder rates, political terror, and internal conflicts. "
Sputnik International: Terrorism, Conflict Costs Over $ 14 Trillion for the Global Economy : "According to recent estimates by the Global Peace Index that annually analyze the cost of living security in countries and regions, terrorism worldwide is at the highest all the time. "
The Indian news sites, ZeeNews, HindustanTimes, and Jagran Josh: Three Indian news agencies describe the GPI ranking system, a global peace trend, highlighting from that year's GPI and India's own placement at GPI. The Hindustan Times cited the GPI and stressed that "violence impacts the Indian economy by USD 679.80 billion in 2016, 9% of India's GDP, or USD 525 per person". ,,
Philstar, Philippine newspaper: "Among all 163 countries, the Philippines is ranked 138th. For perspective, India is ranked one at the top, at 137. Despite its low rank, it remains relatively stable in this low rank over time. a long time Although the raw score has worsened from the previous year, the country's ranking is not far from this ranking in previous years... Although the report's perspective deserves an award on public safety, the other side of the story requires more international hearing. "
World Economic Forum: These are the World's Most Peaceful Countries: " The Global Peace Index occupies 163 countries in accordance with domestic and international conflicts, safety and security and militarization rates found 93 have improved, while 68 worsening, and overall peace levels have edged up 0.28%. "
Academic References
Journal of International Press/Politics: " Social Media and Arab Spring: Politics being the first": This article utilizes the findings of GPI 2010 to create a human rights index, used in the overall study of the use of social media in political uprising, and in the context of the Arab Spring in particular.
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development: "The Security Challenge in Nigeria and Its Implications for Business Activity and Sustainable Development": This study uses GPI scores from 2009-2012 to examine the implications for Nigeria's business environment and overall progress in national security.
Contemporary Security Policy: "Failed States and international order: building a post-Westfalen world": The Global Peace Index, along with four other global indices, is used in this research's ranking of 'state failure'. "Although this index focuses primarily on trends in armed conflict and violence, it is relevant to the weakness and failure of the state because the measured indicators for 'peace' assessment in this context also indicate the capacity of the state."
Biological Reviews: "Is Infectious Disease Causing Global Variation in Frequency of Armed Conflict and Civil War?": This study uses the 2008 Global Peace Index to build what they call 'path analysis', where they seek to uncover "whether infectious diseases lead to the emergence of culture collectivist. "
Political Research Quarterly: "Measuring Rule of Law": This article attempts to measure the rule of law, and in doing so "correlates the rule of law index with the size of violent crime (for 2007) included in the Global Peace Index."
Applied Energy: "Security Cost Analysis for Different Energy Sources": This study utilizes the Global Peace Index in calculating the probability of disruption of geopolitical instability, with the overall purpose of analyzing the security costs for various energy sources.
Overview of International Political Science: "Measuring Effective Democracy: Defense": In the development of an effective democratic index (EDI), the authors construct a table that includes GPI 2008 scores as the dependent variable in regression analysis of economic development and various democratic indices.
Institute for Security Studies: "African Futures 2050s - The Next Forty Years": African human security research institute utilizes the findings of Global Peace Index 2010 to emphasize trends in drug crime and violence in the African continent. ,
Natural Communications: "Global Priorities for Effective Information on the Basis of Biodiversity Distribution": In their article on insufficient digital access information about ecosystems and biodiversity, the authors utilized GPI to model "securities effects" based on the index as a measure of political stability , armed conflict, and public safety.
Journal of Nordic Religion and Society: "Why Denmark and Sweden are so Irreligious": This article uses the Global Peace Index, and very high ratings from Denmark (3 years 2008) and Sweden (13 in 2008) to support the claim that countries' Lack of religiosity can be attributed to a prosperous social structure.
Food Security: "Tracking the safety of phosphorous: indicators of phosphorus vulnerability in global food systems": Together with eleven other indicators, GPI is used as a measure of political instability for development used in the development of phosphorus susceptibility analyzes, aimed at formulating food production methods and government policies.
World Politics: "Working System: Global Economic Governance During the Great Recession": Drezner uses GPI measurements, in particular the fact that inter-state violence and military expenditures have declined in the years under study, to support the argument that suggests that the Great Recession has not yet produced results. increased violence and global conflict.
Journal of Sustainable Development Studies: "Insecurity and Socio-Economic Development in Nigeria": This sustainable development study utilizes GPI, along with the Human Development Index and Corruption Perceptions Index to track fluctuations in the socio-economic and insecurity issues in Nigeria over the past decade.
Harvard Educational Review: "Peace Education in Violence Culture": In criticizing the culture of American violence, the author refers to a very low country ranking on the Global Peace Index as a proof of the impact of violence on community peace.
International Security: "The Heart of the Matter: Women's Security and State Security": In this article, the author uses the Global Peace Index as one of three measures of state security; GPI is specifically used as a "common measure of state peace." The report concludes that higher levels of physical security of women are positively correlated with GPI.
The Equal Rights Review: "The Mental Health Gaps in South Africa: Human Rights Issues": South Africa's poor GPI rankings, among other acts cited by the authors as part of their overall argument that the national government does not implement the promises made towards the achievement of equality, as a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD).
Environment, Development and Sustainability: "Creating Value Chains for Sustainable Development in Developing Countries: Where Maslow meets Porter": This study uses GPI 'safety and security' measures, including political instability, violent crime rates, and possible violent demonstrations, for supporting arguments that make social safety and security necessary for sustainable development.
Global Peace Index rating
Countries that are considered more peaceful have a lower index value. In 2013, researchers at the Institute of Economics and Peace harmonize the Global Peace Index database to ensure that the scores are comparable over time. The GPI Expert Panel decides that the Index will cover the country and region, but not the micro country. Countries covered by GPI must have a population of more than 1 million or land area of ​​more than 20,000 square kilometers.
Note: The GPI methodology is updated regularly and upgraded to reflect the most recent data sets. The GPI report annually includes a detailed description of the methodology used.
See also
- The Global Terrorism Index
- Institute of Economics and Peace
- United States Peace Index
- The British Peace Index
- Steve Killelea
- World peace
References
External links
- The Humanitarian Vision - The Global Peace Index website
- An interactive world map of the Global Peace Index
- Institute of Economics and Peace
- The World's Safest Country
- Integrated Research Steve Killelea is the founder of Integrated Research technology company
- Uppsala Conflict Data Program, organized violence database
- Global Peace Index 2013: Full List
- List of the safest countries based on the Global Peace Index
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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