Prevention of mental disorders

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Prevention of mental disorders are measures that try to reduce the likelihood of mental disorders that occur. The 2004 WHO report states that "prevention of this disorder is clearly one of the most effective ways to reduce the burden [of disease]." The 2011 European Psychiatric Association (EPA) guideline on the prevention of mental disorders states, "There is ample evidence that psychiatric conditions can be prevented through effective implementation of evidence-based interventions." The 2011 UK Department of Health's report on the economic case for the promotion of mental health and the prevention of mental illness found that "many interventions are excellent for money, low-cost and often self-financing over time, saving on public spending". By 2016, the National Mental Health Institute reaffirms prevention as a research priority area.

Video Prevention of mental disorders

General approach

Parenting

Parenting can affect the mental health of children, and evidence suggests that helping parents be more effective with their children can meet mental health needs.

Assess parenting skills have been raised in child protection and other contexts. Delay in the potential for very young pregnancies may lead to better risk factors for mental health such as more stable parental and home skills, and a variety of approaches have been used to encourage such behavioral change. Some countries run conditional cash transfers welfare programs where payment depends on the behavior of the beneficiaries. Mandatory contraceptives have been used to prevent future mental illness.

CBT Pre-emptive

The use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with people at risk has significantly reduced the number of episodes of generalized anxiety disorder and other anxiety symptoms, and also provides a significant increase in descriptive style, despair, and dysfunctional attitudes. In 2014, the National Institute for Health and Nursing Excellence (NICE) recommends CBT prevention for people at risk of psychosis. By 2018, some healthcare providers are now advocating the use of pre-emptive CBT to prevent the worsening of mental illness.

Internet and mobile based interventions

A review found that a number of studies have shown that Internet-based and cellular-based interventions can be effective in preventing mental disorders.

Meditation on the silence of the soul

Meditator Sahaja scored above the control group for emotional well-being and mental health action on the SF-36 rank, leading to the proposed use for the prevention of mental illness, although this result could be due to the meditator having other characteristics leading to good mental health, such as higher. general self-care.

Mindfulness

An 8 week mindfulness course given to students was found to reduce the amount that then required treatment for mental illness by 60%, although the study was not large and commented that the effect could be due to 'non-specific effects', such as the control group received no attention at all , rather than alternative interventions.

Maps Prevention of mental disorders

Disease special

Depression

For depressive disorders, when people participate in the intervention, several studies show the number of new cases is reduced by 22% to 38%. These interventions include CBT. Such interventions also save costs. Prevention of depression is needed.

Anxiety

For anxiety disorders,

• the use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with people at risk has significantly reduced the number of episodes of generalized anxiety disorder and other anxiety symptoms, and also provides a significant increase in descriptive style, despair, and dysfunctional attitudes. Other interventions (reduction of parental inhibition, behaviorism, parental modeling, problem solving and communication skills) also yield significant benefits. People with subthreshold panic disorder are found to benefit from the use of CBT.
• for older people, careful step intervention (waiting with caution, CBT and treatment where appropriate) achieved a 50% lower incidence rate of depression and anxiety disorders in the 75-year-old group of patients.
• for younger people, it has been found that teaching CBT in schools reduces children's anxiety, and reviews found that the most universal, selective and effective prevention programs are effective in reducing the anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents.
• for student awareness has been shown to reduce subsequent anxiety.

Psychosis

In those at high risk there is transient evidence that the incidence of psychosis may be reduced by the use of CBT or other types of therapy. In 2014, the National Institute for Health and Nursing Excellence (NICE) recommends CBT prevention for people at risk of psychosis.

There is also transient evidence that treatment may help those with early symptoms. Antipsychotic drugs are not recommended to prevent psychosis.

For schizophrenia, one CBT prevention study showed a positive effect and the other showed a neutral effect.

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Targeted vs universal

There has been a historical trend among health professionals to consider targeted programs. But identification of high-risk groups can increase the stigma, which in turn means that the intended person is not involved. Thus, policies recommend a universal program, with resources in such programs targeting high-risk groups.

Universal precautions (aimed at populations without increased risks for developing mental disorders, such as school programs or mass media campaigns) require very high numbers of people to show effects (sometimes known as "power" issues). The approaches to overcome this are (1) focus on high incidence groups (eg by targeting groups with high risk factors), (2) using some intervention to achieve greater effects, and thus more statistically valid, (3) using cumulative metadata analysis of many experiments, and (4) running a very large trial.

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History

History of mental illness prevention strategies

• In 2018 11 European researchers published a mental illness prevention review stating that " Increasing evidence suggests that preventive, safe, and cost-effective psychiatric interventions can translate into a broader focus on prevention in our field. "and that" The gap between knowledge, policy and practice needs to be bridged. "
• By 2018 Massachusetts announces a strategy of mental health including many elements of prevention. Executive summary start " Health promotion behavior and prevention upstream work. "
• By 2017, the Australian Government is funding a new Center for Research Excellence in the Prevention of Anxiety and Depression.
• US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) support the 5-step prevention framework.
• Year 2016:
  • The NHS Mental Health Task Force includes 'mental health precautions' in its 3 Priorities, which focus on children and youth, and the importance of work.
  • The UK Mental Health NGO Foundation publishes a review of the prevention approach.
  • The minds of British NGOs produce public mental health recommendations for more prevention.
• Year 2015:
  • The Hunter Institute of mental health in Australia publishes a "First Prevention" framework for prevention.
  • The Mental Health Foundation UK NGOs publishes preventative research reviews, paving the way for prevention strategies.
  • The official journal of the World Psychiatric Association includes a public mental health survey that concludes "the evidence base for a convincing public mental health intervention, and now it is time to mature from knowledge to action."
• In 2014, Chief Medical Officer of the UK, Professor Dame Sally Davies, chose mental health for his main annual report, and included the prevention of mental illness in this regard.
• In 2013, the Faculty of Public Health, the UK professional body for public health professionals, produces the source of "Better Mental Health for All", aiming at "promoting mental health and preventing major mental illness" .
• In 2012, Mind, a British mental health NGO, including "Stay well, support people who may develop mental health problems, to stay healthy." as its first destination for 2012-16.
• The Canadian mental health strategy Manitoba (Canada) includes the intention to (i) reduce the risk factors associated with mental health disorders and (ii) improve the promotion of mental health for adults and children.
• The 2011 US National Prevention Strategy includes mental and emotional health, with recommendations including (i) better parenting and (ii) early intervention.
• The Australian mental health plan for 2009-14 includes "Early Prevention and Intervention" as a priority 2.
• "Mental Health Pacts" The EU 2008 makes recommendations for youth and education including (i) promotion of parenting skills, (ii) integration of socio-emotional learning into curricular and extracurricular educational activities, and (iii) early interventions across world. education system.
• The 2006 Canadian "Out of the Shadows Finally" includes a section on prevention.

History of mental illness prevention programs

Historically prevention has been a very small part of the expenditure of mental health systems. For example, the UK Department of Health's 2009 analysis of preventive spending excludes clear expenditures for mental health. The situation is the same in research.

But lately some prevention programs have been proposed or implemented. Prevention programs may include public health policies to improve public health, create a supportive environment, strengthen communities, develop personal skills, and reorientation services.

• In 2017, the UK PHE and LSE produced research showing a short payback period for a number of preventive interventions.
• By 2017, the Scottish Mental Health Strategy includes prevention, including a focus on improving parenting skills.
• In 2016, the UK Institute of Education Policy recommends prevention through increased mental health literacy, better parenting and enhanced child resilience and digital world skills.
• In 2013, the Mental Health Foundation and partners in the United Kingdom began using the Video Interaction Guideline (VIG) in early-year intervention to reduce mental illness in the future.
• In 2013 in Australia, the National Health and Medical Research Council supports a range of parenting strategies to prevent teenagers from becoming anxious or depressed.
• In 2012, the British Schizophrenia Commission recommends "prevention strategies for psychosis including promoting protective factors for mental health and reducing risks such as the use of cannabis in early adolescence."
• In 2010, the EU DataPrev database was launched. It states "Healthy start is critical to mental health and wellbeing throughout life, becoming parents is the most important factor," and recommending interventions.
• In 2009, the US National Academy's publication to prevent mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people focused on recent research and program experience and stated that "A number of promotional and preventive programs are now available that should is considered for widespread implementation. " This 2011 review by the author says " The scientific basis of evidence suggests that we can prevent many mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders before they start " and make recommendations including
  • supports mental health and parenting skills,
  • encourage child development competencies and
  • use prevention strategies especially for at-risk children (such as children of the elderly with mental illness, or with family pressure such as divorce or job loss).

In India, the 1982 National Mental Health Program includes prevention, but its implementation is slow, especially for the prevention elements.

It is well known that home visits programs for pregnant women and the parents of young children can produce replicable effects on the health and general development of children in a variety of community settings. Similarly, the positive benefits of social and emotional education are well proven. Studies have shown that risk assessment and behavioral interventions in pediatric clinics reduce abuse and neglect outcomes for children. Early childhood home visits also reduce harassment and neglect, but the results are inconsistent.

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Issues in implementation

Prevention programs can face problems in (i) ownership, because the health system is usually targeted at present suffering, and (ii) funding, since the program benefits come at a longer time than the normal political and management cycle. Collaborative assembly of interested agencies appears to be an effective model for achieving ongoing commitments and funding.

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References

Source of the article : Wikipedia