Compass up , sometimes called windrose or Rose of the Winds , is an image on the compass, map, nautical chart, or monument used for displaying the orientation of the wind direction (north, east, south, and west) and its midpoints. This is also a term for the pass marks found on traditional magnetic compasses. Currently, the idea of ​​a rose compass is found on, or displayed in, almost any navigation system, including nautical charts, non-directional beacons (NDB), omnidirectional VHF (VOR) range systems, global positioning systems (GPS).
The rising modern compass has eight main winds. Registered clockwise, these are:
Although the modern compass uses the names of the eight main directions (N, NE, E, SE, etc.), older compasses use the original Italian wind names from medieval origin (Tramontana, Greco, Levante, etc.)
4-point rose compass uses only four "base wind" or "wind direction" (North, East, South, West), with a difference angle at 90 °.
8-point roses compass using eight main winds - ie, four wind direction (N, E, S, W) plus four "intercardinal" or "ordinal directions" (NE, SE, SW, NW), at the point of difference 45 Â °.
The 16-point rose compass is built by dividing the two major wind angles to appear with intermediate compass points, known as half-winds, at the angle of difference 22 1 / 2 Ã, Â °. The names of the half-winds are just a combination of the main wind to both sides, the principal then the ordinal. For example. North-northeast (NNE), east-northeast (ENE), etc.
The 32-point compass rosebud was built by dividing these two corners, and produced a quarter of the wind at an angle difference of 11 / 4 Ã, Â °. The wind-quarter name is built with the name "X by Y", which can be read as "a quarter of the wind from X to Y", where X is one of the eight main winds and Y is one of two adjacent wind direction directions. For example, North-by-east (NbE) is a quarter wind from North to East, Northeast-by-north (NEbN) is a quarter wind from Northeast to the North. Naming 32 points on the rose is called "boxing compass".
The 32-point hike has an uncomfortable amount of 11 1 / 4 Ã, Â ° between the points, but is easily found by divisions that reduce half and may have easier for those who do not use 360 ​​Â ° circles. Using a gradian, where there are 400 circles, sixteen rose points will have twenty-five graders per point.
Video Compass rose
History
Linguistic anthropological studies have shown that most human communities have four cardinal waypoints. The names given for this direction usually come from local-specific geographic features (eg "towards the hill", "towards the sea") or from celestial bodies (especially the sun) or from atmospheric features (wind, temperature). Most of the mobile population tends to adopt sunrise and sunset for East and West and the direction from which different winds blow for North and South shows.
Classical compass up
The ancient Greeks initially maintained separate and separate points and wind systems. The four cardinal points of Greece (arctos, anatole, mesembria and dusis) are based on celestial bodies and used for orientation. The four Greek winds (Boreas, Notos, Eurus, Zephyrus) are confined to meteorology. Nevertheless, the two systems are gradually combined, and the wind names finally signify the direction of the wind as well.
In meteorological studies, Aristotle identifies ten different winds: two north-south winds (Aparctias, Notos) and four pairs of east-west winds blowing from different latitudes - the Arctic circle (Meses, Thrascias), summer solstice horizons (Caecias, Argestes ), equinox (Apeliotes, Zephyrus) and winter solstice (Eurus, Lips). However, Aristotle's system is asymmetric. To restore balance, Timosthenes of Rhodes added two more winds to produce a classic 12-wind rose, and began using the wind to show geographical directions in navigation. Eratosthenes cut two winds from the Aristotelian system, to produce a 8-winded classic rose.
The Romans (eg Seneca, Pliny) adopted the Greek 12-wind system, and changed its name to equivalent Latin, for example Septentrio, Subsolanus, Auster, Favonius, etc. Uniquely, Vitruvius appears with a 24-wind rose.
According to the historian of Einhard (circa 830), king Frank Charlemagne himself came up with his own names for 12 classic winds. He named the four cardinal winds of Nordic roots (etymology is uncertain, could be "wet", meaning from the rain), Ost (shining place, sunrise), < i> Sund (sunny ground) and Vuest (residence, which means night). The intermediate wind was built as a simple combined name of the fourth (eg "Nordostdroni", "northeast" wind). These Carolingian names are the source of the names of modern compass points found in almost all modern Western European languages. (eg North, East, South, and West in English; Nord, Est, Sud, Ouest in French, etc.)
The following table gives the rough equivalent of a classic 12-wind up with a modern compass direction (Note: the direction is not precise because it is not clear at what angle the classic wind should be with each other; some argue that they must be 30 degrees apart each; for more details, see the article on Classic wind compass).
Compass Sidereal up
The "sidereal" compass rises to limit the compass point to the star position in the night sky instead of the wind. The Arab navigator on the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, which relies on celestial navigation, uses a 32-point sidereal compass up before the end of the 10th century. In the northern hemisphere, stable Pole Star (Polaris) is used for the N-S axis; Southern Cross is less steady to do for the southern hemisphere, because the southern pole star, Sigma Octantis, is too dim to be seen easily from Earth with the naked eye. The other thirty points in sidereal roses are determined by the rising position and the arrangement of fifteen bright stars. Reading from North to South, in rising positions and their settings, these are:
The western part of the rose will be the same star in their setting position. The actual positions of these stars are only approximate for the same theoretical rhumbs on the sidereal compass. Stars with the same declination form a "linear constellation" or kavenga to provide direction during the night.
A similar sidereal compass is used by Polynesian and Micronesian navigators in the Pacific Ocean, although different stars are used in a number of cases, clustered around the East-West axis.
Compass Mariner up
In Europe, the Classic 12-wind system continued to be taught in academic settings during the Medieval era, but sailors in the Mediterranean came up with their own distinct 8-wind system. Marines using names derived from the Mediterranean lingua franca - Italian patriots-colored among medieval sailors, mainly composed of Liguria, mixed with Venetian, Sicilian, ProvenÃÆ'§al, Catalan, Greek and Arabic from around the Mediterranean basin.
- (N) Tramontana
- (NE) Greco (or Bora)
- (E) Levante
- (SE) Scirocco (or Exaloc)
- (S) Ostro (or Mezzogiorno)
- (SW) Libeccio (or Garbino)
- (W) Ponente
- (NW) Maestro (or Mistral)
The origin of the eight-pirate wind is not clear. Only two of the point names ( Ostro , Libeccio ) have Classical etymology, the rest of the names seem to originate autonomously. Two prominent Arabic words: Scirocco (SE) from al-Sharq (????? - east in Arabic) and variant Garbino ( SW), from al-Gharb (????? - west in Arabic). This suggests that seafarers' roses may have been acquired by southern Italian sailors not from their classical Roman ancestors, but from Norman Sicilians in the 11th to 12th centuries. The beaches of Maghreb and Mashriq are SW and SE of Sicily respectively; Greco (NE wind), reflects the position of Calabria-Apulia which is controlled by Byzantine in northeastern Sicily Arab, while Maestro (NW wind) is a reference to the Mistral wind blowing from the shore Southern France to the northwest of Sicily.
The 32-point compass used for navigation in the Mediterranean in the 14th century, has a multiple of 11 1 / 4 Ã, Â ° between points -point. Only eight main winds (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) are given a special name. Eight and a half winds merely combine the names of two main winds, such as Greco-Tramontana for NNE, Greco-Levante for ENE, and so on. The more complicated wind-quarter is spoken, with the nearest main wind being named first and the next nearest wind, the two winds, eg. "Quarto in Tramontana verso Greco" (literally, "a quarter of the wind from North to Northeast", ie North by East), and "Quarto in Greco verso Tramontana" ("a quarter wind from NE to N", ie Northeast by North ). The boxing of the compass (naming all 32 winds) is expected of all Medieval sailors.
Views in Nautical Chart
In the earliest medieval portolan charts of the 14th century, the compass rose was portrayed only as a collection of rhumb-colored compass lines: black for eight main winds, green for eight half wind and red for sixteen quarter winds. The average portolan graph has sixteen roses (or striped encounters) like that, which are spread evenly around a large circle of implicit circles.
Cartografer Cresques Abraham of Majorca, in the Catalan Atlas of 1375, is the first to draw a towering decorative compass on the map. By the end of the 15th century, Portuguese cartographers began drawing many roses along the charts, one in each of the sixteen circular circles (except illustrations contrary to the beach details).
The points on the compass rose are often labeled by the initial letter of the main wind of the sailor (T, G, L, S, O, L, P, M). However, from the beginning, custom also began to distinguish the north from other points with certain visual markers. Medieval Italian cartographers usually use simple arrows or T-circumflex-hatted (a metaphor for compass needles) to point north, while the Majorcan cartography school usually uses stylized star poles for northern markings. The use of the fleur-de-lis as a northern sign was introduced by Pedro Reinel, and quickly became indigenous in the compass rose (and is still used today). The old compass rose also often uses the Christian cross in Levante (E), showing the direction of Jerusalem from the viewpoint of the Mediterranean sea.
Twelve Classical winds (or some of them) are also sometimes depicted on portolan charts, though not on the rising compass, but more apart on small disks or coins on the edges of the map.
The rose compass is also illustrated on a trajectory used on board to record sailing stations at specified time intervals.
Maps Compass rose
Modern depictions
The rising contemporary compass appears as two rings, one smaller and immersed in the other. The outer ring shows the true cardinal direction while the smaller inner ring indicates the direction of the cardinal magnetic . True north refers to the geographic location of the north pole while the northern magnet refers to the direction toward the north pole of the magnetic object (as found in the compass) will show. The angular difference between true and magnetic north is called a variation, which varies depending on the location. The angular difference between the magnetic heading and the heading of the compass is called a varying deviation based on the ship and its heading.
Use as symbol
- The NATO symbol uses four pointed roses.
- Outward Bound uses a rose compass as a logo for schools around the world.
- An up-and-coming 8-point compass is the Varig logo, the largest airline in Brazil for decades until its bankruptcy in 2006.
- An 8-point rose compass is a prominent feature in the Seattle League Major Baseball club logo.
- The Hong Kong Correctional Services symbol uses four star points.
- The rose compass is used as a symbol of the Anglican Church fellowship around the world.
- The 16 point compass fan is the IBM logo for the System/360 product line.
- A 16-point rose compass is the official logo of Spain's National Distance Education University (Universidad Nacional de EducaciÃÆ'³n a Distancia or UNED).
- A 16-point compass compass appears on the seal and flag of the Central Intelligence Agency of the Federal Government of the United States (CIA).
In popular culture
- HMS Compass Rose is a Royal Navy-style corvette in The Cruel Sea's novel .
- In the adventure game, Beyond Zork , the compass rose is a flower that can control wind direction.
- The Compass Rose is a significant store name in the Valdemar Mercedes Lackey fantasy novel.
- The Compass Rose is a collection of 1982 short stories by Ursula K. Le Guin.
- In Diablo III, Compass Rose is a legendary set item.
- In Marvel Comics, Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell) and his successors, including the most recently Carol Danvers, wear the Hala Star that adorns their chests. This star takes the form of an eight pointed compass, with four main points and four minor.
- Novel 2003 Edith Pattou East uses an eight-pointed up compass (called a rising wind in a novel, due to a sixteenth-century setting) as a recurring motif, as either a living metaphor this one can go in many directions and related to the physical journey of a difficult protagonist. The protagonist, Rose, was so named by the mapmaker's father, who created a new compass rose design for each of his children.
- Compass Rose , a song from Japanese boyband Hey! Say! JUMP on their album S3ART, written by Hikaru Yaotome
- The sports company - Stone Island implements a compass rose design in their logo that has something in common with others including NATO's.
See also
- Pelorus (instrument)
- The network of rumbia
- Wind Rose
References
External links
- Origins from Rose Compass
- The Rose of the Winds, an example of a rose with 26 directions.
- Compass Rose of Piedro Reinel, 1504, an example of a 32 point rose with a cross to the east (Christian Holy Land) and fleur-di-lis to the north.
- Rose Compass in St. Peter's Square
- Short history up history
- Compass Rose Floor
- Quilting Patterns Inspired by Compass Rose
- Compass Up in Stained Glass
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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