Sopula is the word that connects the subject of the sentence with the predicate (the complement of the subject). In English, copula is the verb "to be" (for example, the word "is" in the phrase "The blue sky.")
Most languages ​​have one main copula, but some languages, such as Spanish, Portuguese, and several other Roman languages, have more than one. This is because a verb or verb meaning "to" in Roman comes from three Latin verbs:
- sed? re "to sit" (eventually from Proto-Indo-European * sed - , as in English sit ).
- esse "to" (eventually from Proto-Indo-European * h 1 es - , as in English is ) The verb esse is an irregular and appealing verb, in some form (eg fu? "I was") taken from the Proto-Indo-European verb * bhuH- (as in English being).
- st? re "to stand" or "to remain" (eventually from Proto-Indo-Europe * steh 2 - , as in English stand and German stehen ).
As Roman language evolved over time, three separate Latin words became just one or two verbs in Roman.
The reduction of three separate verbs into just one or two occurs in the following ways:
- * essere , st? re and sedà ¢ â,¬â "¢ st? re to * ist? re and sedà ¢ â,¬ is reduced to * se? back . Consequently, part of the st conjugation? Re and sedà ¢ â,¬ become integrated into conjugation * essere .
- st? re is still a separate verb. However, increasingly, in western Romance, st? Re evolved into a second copula, meaning "to be (temporary or coincidental)"; * essere then narrowed down to "being (permanently or essentially)".
- Infinitive irregular esse overhauled into * essere .
The development of two copular verbs in this way occurs most fully in Spanish, Portuguese, and Catalan. In other languages, most English usage "to be" is still translated by * essere :
- In Italian, st? re has the main meaning "to stay" and is used as a copula only in some situations: to express the state of one's physical health ( sto bene "I'm good"); to form progressive tenses ( sto parlando "I speak"); and (especially in southern Italy) with the meaning of "being".
- In Ancient France, the verb ester & lt; st? re still has the original Proto-Romance meaning "to stand, keep, stop". In modern French, this quasi-verb has actually disappeared (see below for one exception), even though the rester compound "remains" and some parts of the ester conjugation < I have become incorporated into ÃÆ'ªtre "to" & lt; * essere . As a result of this complex evolution, even though France has a single verb to "be" (ÃÆ'ªtre), the conjugate is very disorganized.
Portuguese also developed additional verbs ficar , meaning "being" and "being".
Video Romance copula
Histori
In English, it is possible to say "there standing..." rather than "there..." in certain contexts. In Latin, too, it becomes common to avoid SVM in favor of STO and say where things "stand" instead of where they "reside". Over time, it became common to use this verb to express other countries.
Today, Spain, Galicia, Portugal, Catalan, and (at lower levels) Italy usually uses two copulas, one in each of the Latin verbs. Others only use one main copula, from SVM .
There is also an important predisposition for derivatives of the small STO STATVS STATA STATVM to replace the past participle verbs from SVM (which is in Latin does not have supine). Example:
- Italy has stato as past participants not only staring but also essere , rather than expected essuto (which, together with suto , we meet only in medieval texts).
- Standard Catalan has estate as a past participle not just estar but also ÃÆ' Â © sser . However, many people use forms like sigut or sÃÆ' Â © t , which are also considered standard for everyday conversation.
- French has ÃÆ' Â © tÃÆ' Â © as past from ÃÆ'ªtre , rather than expected ÃÆ' Â © tu . ÃÆ' â € ° tÃÆ'Â © developed as follows: STATVM -> stato -> estate -> estÃÆ' Â © -> ÃÆ' Â © tÃÆ' Â © .
- Notes
- Following the standard practice, the Latin verb is quoted here in this singular first person of this indicative. In other words, SVM is literally "I" instead of "being". Their infinities are ESSE and STARE .
- While it is normal to use lowercase letters when writing Latin in modern times, this article, dealing as with etymology, presents Latin letters in capital letters used by Romans, and modern innovations such as J , U , ligatures, macron, and breves have been avoided.
- Only simple basic forms are given in the conjugation table, but all of the languages ​​below also have many forms of synthesis.
- An asterisk (*) indicates an incorrect or unfilled form.
Maps Romance copula
Spanish
Copulas Spain
Spanish spouses are ser and estar . The latter was developed as follows:
The copula ser was developed from two Latin verbs. So infective paradigm is a combination: mostly derived from SVM (to be) but subjunctive present appears from SEDEO (to sit) through Old Spanish verb < i>.
For example. derivation from SEDEO :
- SEDEAM -> sea (singular singular, present tense, subjunctive)
Derivation of SVM :
- SVMVS -> somos (1 plural, present tense, indicative mood)
Infinitive (where modern and conditional future is based) can come from one or both of these: -> ÃÆ'¨ssere (as in Italian) -> ÃÆ'Â © sser (as in Catalan ) -> ser
In the early part of the second millennium, in texts such as Cantar de Mio Cid ser are still used mostly as in Latin, and there is little space for > estar ; sentences like Es pagado, e davos su amor , "He is satisfied, and he gives you his goodness" found, in which modern Spain may have Queda contento, or Satisfactory , support you.
As the centuries passed, estar spread was used. Today, ser is used to express the nature, identity or characteristics of something - what is actually , while estar states something . Indeed, ser is etymologically related to the English words "essence" and "is", and estar with "state", "status", "standing", " attitude "and stay".
The quedar verbs (which also have a special meaning "fixed", "being as a result" and others) are often used in a similar way to estar . It comes from the Latin QVIETO ( QVIETARE in infinitive), "to rest".
- Ser
- Estar
Archaic.
Estar is usually made reflexive in the imperative.
Spanish is spoken in Rio de la Plata Nuance
With attributes referring to beauty and the like, ser means "to be", and estar means "viewing".
- Ã,¡QuÃÆ' Â © bonita es! = "Wow, he's so pretty" (characteristics)
- Ã,¡QuÃÆ' Â © bonita estÃÆ'¡! = "Wow, she looks very pretty/she's very good" (state)
Note that the distinction between "nature" and "state" makes sense when it comes to living and dying: ÃÆ'â € l láà vivo (He is alive), ÃÆ'â € l estÃÆ' ¡Muerto (He's dead). Estar is used for both life and death, as both are countries, although death is considered a permanent state.
Ser is used when declaring the stage of life in which a person is located. The old, the young, etc. Seen as a group that a person can have. This is an identity issue:
- ÃÆ' â € ° l es viejo = "He is old"
- ÃÆ' â € ° l es un viejo = "He is an old man"
- Cuando ella era niÃÆ' Â ± ita = "When she was a little girl"
However, age can also be presented not as an identity issue but a country:
- ÃÆ' â € ° l estÃÆ'¡ viejo = "He looks old"/"He gets older"
The use of estar gives a certain nuances to some verbs. For example, the cousin , despite having a "gorgeous" sense, also emphasizes the use of make-up and clothing to create a beautiful look. Ser sucio instead of the more common estar sucio means being the type of person who is likely to be dirty.
The adjective loco is always used with estar in Spanish, because the implication is that the person is "crazy" (ie changes in circumstances ). It is possible to give him a permanent feel, but only by using it as a noun: ÃÆ' â € ° l es un loco , "He is a madman". Ser loco is used in certain areas of Latin America, however, which means permanent madness as opposed to estar loco means crazy or acting crazy.
The como una cabra expression (with the implied loco omitted) is used with estar means "crazy as a release", "crazy as a loon". Ser como una cabra literally means, "being like a goat".
Ser is used with adjectives from fundamental beliefs, nationality, gender, intelligence, etc. The use of estar with francÃÆ'Â © s ("French") will sound strange to native speakers of Spanish, as if it means, "feeling a bit French". Similarly, no estar catÃÆ'³lico does not mean, "no longer a Catholic", but a daily expression meaning "feeling under the weather". Note that this is a country.
It is often stated that the difference between two verbs corresponds to "permanent" versus "temporary", but it is more accurate to describe differences as one of "essential properties" versus "circumstance". The "nature" of things sometimes changes, and this is reflected in the language. For example, someone who has been depressed for a long time, and then has life-changing experiences such as a new career or long-term relationship, might say ahora yo soy feliz, meaning "now I'm happy".
Specific construction requiring ser
The specific use of ser , which does not express the nature or the circumstances but the action, is the formation of a passive voice:
- Ellos han sido asesinados = "They were killed"
- TÃÆ'º serás juzgada = "You will be judged"
Note that Spanish passive voice is less frequent than in English, with another turn of the phrase used instead.
Specific construction that requires estar
Past participles
Estar is usually used with the adjective derived from the past participle of verbs because the use of ser sounds like verbs in passive voices. Such attributes generally refer to the country:
- La frontera estÃÆ'¡ cerrada = "Border is closed" "I'm married" ( Yo soy casado is also possible; note that "I'm single", "I'm a widow", etc. can use < i> ser or estar too)
A special example of this tendency is what happens with words that indicate prohibitions and such. If the adjectives do not come from the verb used, then the meaning must require ser . To say the same thing with past participle, estar (or quedar ) is required, to distinguish it from the use of ser with a past participle implying an action expressed in passive voice:
- Es illegal fumar en este vuelo = "No smoking on this flight" (direct case ser )
- Esta ¡prohibido fumar en este vuelo = "No smoking on this flight" ( estar is required to distinguish the sentence from the following)
- Ha sido prohibido fumar en este vuelo = "It is prohibited (ie breaking the rules) to smoke on this flight" (This is an example of a passive voice.This use ser in perfect form is similar to the use of estar in the present time form, the first to express an event in the past, the latter declaring its effect at this time.)
This subtle nuance is not found in other Roman languages, which is not too long to distinguish between passives and similar-sounding phrases.
Locations
Estar is used to refer to a physical location. In Spain, the location is considered a country, and therefore is indicated with estar , even in such cases (eg Madrid With non-moving things, quedar is sometimes used instead of estar , especially when there is a reference for the time period, or the remaining distance, for example:
However, ser can sometimes occur with words like aquÃÆ' , which may mislead learners into thinking that physical location may be expressed with ser . In fact, the verb in this case identifies the place rather than revealing where it is. For example, one might say to the taxi driver the following sentences, to indicate that you have arrived:
- EstÃÆ'¡ aquÃÆ' = "It's here"
- Es aquÃÆ' = "It's here"
The difference becomes clear if aquÃÆ' is changed to esta calle :
- EstÃÆ'¡ en esta calle = "On this path"
- Es esta calle = "This is the path"
Es aqua and es esta calle express the idea that "this is the place", a concept very different from what is expressed by estar .
The only case where the actual location expressed by ser is when an event rather than a physical thing is called:
- Ã,¿DÃÆ'³nde es la fiesta? = "Where's the party?"
- Ã,¿DÃÆ'³nde estÃÆ'¡ la discoteca? = "Where is the discotheque?"
Words requiring ser
Ser is always used when complement is a noun or pronoun, regardless of whether the speaker is meant to express the fundamental essence (although in practice the speaker tends to express this):
- ÃÆ' â € ° l es una persona sucia = "He is a dirty person"
- Ella es una persona abierta = "He's an open person"
- Yo soy la vÃÆ'ctima = "I am a victim"
However, it is not always easy to know what a noun is. For example, pez is a noun meaning "fish", but estar pez is a daily expression meaning "junk" or "useless" on a particular activity.
Words that require estar
Estar should be used when the complement is bien or mall , no matter what the meaning is.
- Este libro estÃÆ'¡ muy bien = Este libro es muy bueno = "This book is very good" (nature)
- Yo estoy muy mal = Yo estoy muy malo = "I feel bad, sick" (country)
Changes in total meaning with specific adjectives
Many adjectives change in the sense of being totally dependent on the verb used, sometimes meaning almost the opposite. Note that in any case the meaning of more than "properties" goes with ser and more meaning of "country" goes with estar .
Happiness
Although "sadness" is frankly expressed with estar triste , "happiness" is a little more difficult. The quality of being happy, alive and happy is expressed with ser alegre . It can describe people, music, colors, etc. Estar alegre expresses a state of joy, which in practice can sometimes mean "drunk," "drunk."
Someone who is basically happy in life is said to be ser feliz ; indeed la felicidad is the "happiness" that humans try. This happiness often turns into a temporary state, one may still declare yo soy feliz as a statement of optimism that goes beyond the current mood description expressed by any phrase with estar As for such moods, they can be expressed with estar feliz .
When not a country but a change of state is called, the expression is quedar contento or alegrarse : Ella quedÃÆ'³ muy contenta cuando yo le dije que ella haba ganado = " he was very happy when I told him he had won "; Yo i alegro de que vosotros hayÃÆ'¡is llegado = "I'm glad you (plural) have come".
In the excerpt from the above Cantar de Mio Cid , one can see that "to be happy" a thousand years ago is ser pagado (meaning "paid" at this time Spain).
Portuguese
copulas Portuguese
Portuguese couples are ser and estar . As in Spanish, estar comes from the Latin STO :
Sopula ser is developed from both SVM and SEDEO . So the infective paradigm is a combination of these two Latin verbs: most of the word form comes from SVM and some of SEDEO . For example. derivation from SEDEO :
- SEDERE -> seer -> ser (infinitive)
- SEDEAM -> seja (1 single person, present tense, subjunctive mood)
Misalnya. derivasi dari SVM :
- SVM -> som -> sou (1st pers. sing., present tense, indikatif mood)
- ERAM -> era (1st pers. sing., tempo lampau yang tidak sempurna, mood indikatif)
- FVI -> fui (1st pers. sing., preterite tense, indikatif mood)
- Ser
- Estar
Mostly literary.
Some authors regard conditional as tense indicative mood.
Usage
The difference between two verbs is very similar to Catalan words. Compared to Spanish, estar is slightly less used. The main difference between Spanish and Portuguese lies in the interpretation of the concept of state versus essence and in generalization in some constructs. There may be little more than a permanent versus temporary concept, rather than essence versus country. For example, unlike Spanish, Portuguese does not require estar with past participles; in this case, following the general rule of state/essence.
- de madeira = "Chairs made of wood" de Madeira .
The word feita , "made", is usually omitted.
The same applies to sentences which express the prohibition:
- ÃÆ'â € ° proibido fumar neste voo "Smoking is prohibited on this flight".
However, there are some nuances in this verb in passive form. In this case, the use of ser or estar depends on verbal strain. For example: to say that a person is not allowed to smoke, only estar can be used in the present:
- EstÃÆ'¡ proibido de fumar [ pelo pai ] = "He is forbidden to smoke [by his father]"; literally "He is forbidden to smoke [by dad]".
In the past, both ser and estar can be used, conveying different meanings:
- Foi proibido de fumar = "He is forbidden to smoke" [action].
- Estava proibido de fumar = "He is forbidden to smoke" [result].
The Portuguese calculate the location as permanent and basic, and hence use ser , or a more specific secondary pair ficar (to remain), from Latin FIGO , "to place/set":
- Lisboa fica em Portugal "Lisbon [existed] in Portugal".
- Onde ÃÆ' Â ©/fica o apartamento dela? "Where's the apartment/apartment?"
but:
- A cidade estÃÆ'¡ (situada) 10 quilÃÆ'Â'metros da modal. "This city (located) 10 km from the capital."
Nuances
- Como ÃÆ' Â © s? = "What do you like?" (eg "Describe yourself" - characteristics).
- Como estÃÆ'¡s? = "How are you?" (eg "How are you?" - state).
- Ele ÃÆ' Â © triste = "He is sad" (ie bleak - characteristic).
- (Ele) estÃÆ'¡ triste = "She [feels] sad" (I feel sad).
- Ela ÃÆ' Â © aberta = "He is open" (eg "He is an open-minded person" - characteristic; can degrade its meaning).
- Ela estÃÆ'¡ aberta = "Open" (probably referring to the door or window-state).
- ÃÆ' â € ° sujo = "This is dirty" (ie "This is a dirty place" - characteristic).
- EstÃÆ'¡ sujo = "It's dirty" (ie "It's/it looks dirty [now]" - state).
With attributes referring to beauty and the like, ser means "to be", and estar means "viewing".
- Que linda ela ÃÆ' Â ©! = "She's so beautiful!" (characteristic).
- Que linda ela estÃÆ'¡! = "She looks so beautiful!" (state).
As in Spain, the difference between "nature" and "state" makes sense when talking about life and death: Estávivo (He's alive); EstÃÆ'¡ morto (He's dead). Notice the important differences between ser morto (killed) and mortar ester (dead):
Louco (crazy) can be used with ser or estar , giving a different connotation:
- ÃÆ' â € ° s louco! = "You're crazy!" (characteristics).
- EstÃÆ'¡s louco! = "You're crazy!"/"You're acting crazy" (state).
Ser is used with the adjective stating:
- The fundamental conviction: NÃÆ' £ £ sou catÃÆ'³lico "I am not a Catholic";
- nationality: ÃÆ'â € â„¢ s portuguÃÆ'ªs "you are a Portuguese";
- Gender: ÃÆ'â € ° um homem "He is a man";
- intelligence: Somos espertos "We're smart", etc.
Estar catÃÆ'³lico is used with the same meaning as in Spanish:
- Eu nÃÆ' Â £ o estou muito catÃÆ'³lico = "I feel bad" (maybe cruel or sick or intoxicated).
- O tempo hoje nÃÆ' Â £ o estÃÆ'¡ muito catÃÆ'³lico = "The weather today is not reliable".
Apart from these exceptions, due to different meanings, estar can not be used for citizenship, sex, or intelligence, but it can be said Estou abrasileirado (I have gotten the Brazilian way - country section) or Est americanizado (you are in the States - state). The same goes for the difference between ÃÆ' â € ° um homem "He is a man" and EstÃÆ'¡ um homem , which means, "He has grown into a man".
Ficar , apart from its use as "residence", and the above-mentioned use as copula translated as "conveniently located", is extensively used for state change (sometimes quite suddenly), being translated as " to get "or" to ":
- Fiquei rico = "I'm getting rich."
- Ficou triste = "She became sad."
Catalan
Catalan abbreviation
Kopula Catalan dikembangkan sebagai berikut:
- ESSE -> ÃÆ' © ssere -> ÃÆ' © sser -> esser -> ser
- STARE -> * estare -> estar
- SED? RE -> seure
The last three forms of the first verb survive in modern Catalan. ÃÆ'â € Å"ser is considered the most standard, followed by ser and, far, esser . The seure verb remains as a different verb and is not considered a copula.
- (ÃÆ'â € Å¡s) ser
- Estar
Uses
In Catalan, ÃÆ' Â © sser and estar work intermediate between Italian and Portuguese. A full description of the rules of use is as follows:
- When referring to inanimate objects, ser is used to inform about the permanent conditions attached to the object (eg ÃÆ' Â © s vermell , "it is red "), unfinished qualities, or non-permanent conditions when there is no implication that there has been or will be any change of circumstances (eg, la sopa ÃÆ' Â © s calenta ," hot soup. ") Ser is used to talk about the quality of a dead object at a certain moment (regardless of another moment) or quite the reverse: the quality of the dead object that is expected to become reality at all moments of existence of the object. Much of the use of past participants as an adjective falls into this category when referring to inanimate objects.
- When referring to inanimate objects, estar is used to tell about non-permanent conditions when there are implications of a completed state change, the implications of a state at a known point of evolution, or an expected temporal condition changed. In some ways, estar introduces an adverbial sense to the adjective (eg, la sopa estÃÆ' calenta , "hot ups," as in " has become hot. ") So, using both ser and estar is true in many contexts, but there are differences in nuances.
- When referring to animated objects, ser is only used to tell about permanent conditions (eg ÃÆ'  © s boig , "he's crazy"; à Ketika  © s mort , "he is dead.") Things that are traditionally regarded as permanent conditions are also included in this category, especially ser casat/da , "getting married" and related terms. Ser is also used with the past participle of some uninformative verbs like nÃÆ'  © ixer , which in medieval and Catalan dialects made their compound tenses with ser .
- When referring to animate objects, estar is only used to tell about non-permanent conditions (eg est ss molt guapa , "you look good" as in "better than usual. ")
- With the location of a fixed preposition, estar is most commonly used (eg, estÃÆ' en perill , "he is in danger"; estÃÆ' a punt , "he/she/ready.")
- When referring to a location, ser is used when no given time context (eg, els llibres sÃÆ'³n als prestatges , "the books are on the shelf.")
- When referring to location, estar is used when there is a sense of permanence (eg estic a Barcelona , "I live in Barcelona") or concrete lapse time (eg hi vam estar dues borne , â € Å"we are there for two hours.â € In this case, pronominal particles can be added to the verb to emphasize the sentence (eg, be yes var estar dues. )
- Estar is always used with capital adverbs (eg estic bÃÆ' Â © , "I'm fine").
- Estar is used to form the current continuous form estar gerund, although some linguists think it is not the actual Catalan form, even though it was found in medieval literature, March Ausi. Another form that is undoubtedly genuine but perhaps too literary is ser a infinitive.
- Real is used as a past participle of not only estar but also ÃÆ'¨¨ser/ser by many speakers, and it is considered a form universal. However, many other speakers use regular regular attendees from sigut , which are also accepted as standard in Central Catalan, although many linguists and speakers see it as every day language. Another accepted form is sÃÆ'  © t , unlike the Valencian segut form, which causes confusion with the past participle of the verb seure , "for sit down. "
This can be summarized in five simple rules:
- Ser is always used to apply an adjective to an inanimate object unless there is a cause or time interval given for the adjective condition.
- Estar is always used to apply an adjective to animate an object if it is not a permanent state or characteristic of the animate object. However, some things that can now be changed but previously can not (or are not expected) work like permanent characteristics (eg, nationality, belief, gender, appearance, marriage, intelligence level and level of sanity.) Of course, even they can be expressed with estar if the animate object acts as if they are characteristic but they are not, or if the characteristics are more emphasized than usual. For example, ÃÆ' Â © s molt socialista , "he/she is a sure socialist" vs. est molt socialista! , "you become very socialist!"; ÃÆ' Â © s molt maca , "she is very beautiful" vs. estÃÆ' molt maca , "she looks very beautiful", like "better than usual"; ÃÆ' Â © s mort , "he is dead" vs. estÃÆ' com mort , "he acts like he's dead."
- Ser is always used for the location unless there is a time interval given or if the location really means someone working or living where it is pointed out.
- Estar is always used with capital and equivalent adverbs such as fixed prepositional locations.
- Estar is always used to denote the point of evolution or scale (for example, els termÃÆ'²metres estan 20 graus , "the thermometer is at 20 degrees.")
"Living things" refers primarily to people, animals, and anything that is considered a living being (for example, a child playing with a doll might treat it as a living object).
Italy
copulas Italia
Italian copulation does not experience the same developments as in other languages, having retained the vulgar Latin form essere and staring .
- Essere
- Staring
Usage
Essere is the main copula. Gaze refers to a statement not of essence, but narrower than in Spanish. Essere is used for almost all cases where English uses "to be". It therefore makes sense to concentrate on some use of gaze .
- Staring means "to be", "to feel", or "to appear" with bene , male , meglio , coming? , etc.: Let's stai? "How are you?", Sto bene "I am fine."
- Gaze is used to form tenses continuously: sto aspettando "I wait", Stavo parlando con... "I'm talking with... "
- tap from participle stato has replaced essere , and so stato is used for "" in all senses.
- Starci (lit. to stay in it ) means "adjust" or "approve proposal."
- Staring can be an alternative to rest "to stay."
- Staring occasionally "is on location." It is very common in southern Italy for temporary and durable locations, but only for long-lasting locations in the North. "Sta a Napoli" means "He is in Naples" in the South but "He lives in Naples" in the North.
Like Spanish quedar , Italian uses rimanere , from Latin REMANEO (meaning "to remain"), in the sense "to be the result" ; for example ÃÆ'Ë †rimasta incinta = "she is pregnant (as a result)".
Sicily
Sicilian Copula
Kopula Sisilia berkembang sebagai berikut:
- ESSE -> ÃÆ'¨ssere -> (es) sere -> siri
- STARE -> menatap -> stari
- Siri
- Stari
Note :
- A simple future is no longer used.
- Tense the stari condition is also not used.
Usage
In Sicilian, the meaning and usefulness of these two copulas is not as extensive in other languages. Siri is the dominant copula, even more than in other Roman languages ​​and is used for almost all cases where English uses "to be". Stari has been downgraded to just a few common uses:
- Stari is used in combination with gerund to form a progressive aspect: parainu staiu = "I speak".
- Stari 's past participle, statu , replaces series and thus statu is used to "" in all the senses.
- Stari also replaces another word meaning "stay": staiu nnÃÆ'ª Stati Uniti = "I live in the United States".
- Stari , in combination with addritta
- Stari in combination with a preposition pi can collect two meanings,
- 1) when followed by a verb which means "about to" or "ready to": staiu pi jiri = "I will go", "I will go"; and
- 2) refers to the abbreviation, meaning "stand for": Ã, Â «USAÃ,» sta pi Stati Uniti at MÃÆ'¨rica = "'USA' stands for the United States."
- Stari-cci , while most likely an Italian, is somehow sometimes used to "match": stu vistutu mi sta? = "does this match me [well]?"
- Stari in combination with a preposition pi can collect two meanings,
Siri is no longer used as an additional verb. Aviri has completely replaced it in all verbs.
Occitan
Occitan has only one copula, estre; which is also written ÃÆ'¨sser, esther, estar in various dialects.
- Estre
French
Modern French has only one copula. Old French, however, has a
The only clear trace of ester (or ÃÆ' © ter if we remember the loss of s ) in modern copula is the past participle and not perfect. Instead of ÃÆ' © tu people will hope, we find ÃÆ' © tà © ©/i> - just what we expect from ester ÃÆ' © © . The same tendency to use past participants from STATVM (supposedly STO ) to replace past participants from main copula is also seen in Italian and Catalan. The French French imperfect is iere (from Latin ERAM ); It was replaced in Central France by imperfect from ester , which estois (from Latin Vulgar * estaba , Latin ST? >).
The present participant and all imperfect forms of ÃÆ'ªtre are common and in accordance with what is expected of the verbs with the stem ÃÆ'ªt - ; However, they can also be considered to come from ÃÆ' Â © ter because the shape coincides.
All other forms ÃÆ'ªtre are from SVM rather than STO .
Esther also persists in the infinitive in the defined phrase ester en justice and ester en jugement , which translates the Latin term STARE IN IVDICIO which means "appear in court", "to stand before the court". Esther en justice has become meaningful, "to file a lawsuit", ie to appear in court as an active party. This is a very damaged verb and is only in the infinitive.
- ÃÆ'Ã… tre
Literary.
Romansh
Romansh has only one copula, esser . Star means, "stay".
- Esser
Romanian
Flames, flames are copula in Romanian. This infinitive form evolved from the FACIO verb "to create": api -> * fir -> FIERI -> fi (api)
FIERI is a passive infinitive FACIO , and that means "to be made". In the vulgar Latin dialect pronounced in modern Romanian, its evolved form fiere replaced essere , perhaps because of the similarities between the stems fi - FACIO and fu - of SVM . Another form of the verb a fi comes from SVM : sunt, e? Ti, e (ste), suntem, sunte? I, sunt in the current form and eram, erai, era, eram, era? I, erau in imperfect.
A sta <(STARE -> sta ) means "to stay" or even "to stand", "to be quiet" or "to stay/stay" eg sta in picioare , as in Italian staring piedi or unde stai? - "where do you live/stay?"
Romantic copula sources
SVM
STO
Demonstrative is used when needed.
For information on the morphological evolution of Romanian copula, see Romantic verbs.
See also
- Verbs
- Copula
- Indo-European copula
- Grammatical conjugation
- Copula
- Latin
- Latin grammar
- Latin Declaration
- Latin Conjugation
- Latin Vulgar
- Romance language
- Catalan
- Catalan grammar
- Conjugate Catalan help verb
- Conjugate regular Catalan verbs
- French
- French grammar
- French verb
- French Conjugation
- Italian
- Italian grammar
- Italian verbs
- Portuguese
- Portuguese grammar
- Portuguese Conjugation
- Romanian
- Romanian grammar
- Romanian verb
- Romansh language
- Sicilian language
- Spanish
- Spanish grammar
- Spanish Conjugation
- Irregular Spanish verb
- Spanish verbs
- Catalan
- Roman verbs
- Creole-based romance
- French-based creole language
- Haitian Creole # Copulas
- Copula (linguistic) #Haitian Creole
- Haitian Creole # Copulas
- Portuguese Creole
- Creole Cape Verde
- Spanish-based creole language
- French-based creole language
References
Note
Bibliography
- WILLIAMS, E.B. From Latin to Portuguese
- MACHADO, J.P. DicionÃÆ'¡rio EtimolÃÆ'³gico da LuaÆ'ngua Portuguesa
Further reading
- PDF document, especially in Spanish copula
- Acquiring Verbs Ser and Estar on Undergraduate Students (in the US)
- The acquisition of copied ser and estar in Spanish: learning lexico-semantics, syntax and discourse
- Grammaticalization of ser and estar in Roman
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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